Spring mid term

Railroads

Expansion across the U.S. in the 19th century that revolutionized transportation, commerce, and the economy.

Freedmen’s Bureau

A federal agency created in 1865 to assist freed slaves by providing food, housing, education, and medical care during Reconstruction.

10% Plan

President Abraham Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction allowing Southern states to rejoin the Union if 10% of voters swore loyalty.

Social Darwinism

The belief that certain people or nations are more 'fit' for success based on Darwin's theory, justifying inequality.

City Bosses

Political leaders controlling local governments in U.S. cities during the Gilded Age often through corrupt practices.

Impeachment of Johnson

The 1868 attempt to remove President Andrew Johnson from office due to his opposition to Radical Reconstruction.

Robber Barons/Captains of Industry

Business leaders viewed negatively for exploiting workers or positively for creating industries in the late 19th century.

Wade-Davis Bill

A proposal for Reconstruction requiring 50% of Southern voters to take an 'ironclad' oath of loyalty.

Compromise of 1877

The agreement that ended Reconstruction by withdrawing federal troops from the South.

The Birth of a Nation

A 1915 film that glorified the Ku Klux Klan and reinforced racist stereotypes.

The Lost Cause

A Southern perspective on the Civil War that romanticized the Confederacy and downplayed slavery's role.

The Redeemers

Southern political leaders who sought to restore white supremacy post-Reconstruction.

Steel/Gilded Age

The rise of the steel industry during the Gilded Age, led by figures like Andrew Carnegie.

Oil/Gilded Age

The booming oil industry during the Gilded Age, exemplified by John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company.

Finance/Gilded Age

The growth of banking and finance during the Gilded Age with figures like J.P. Morgan shaping the financial landscape.

Black Codes

Laws passed in the South post-Civil War that restricted the rights of freedmen.

The New South

A vision for a diversified economy promoting industrial growth after Reconstruction.

Ida B. Wells/Anti-Lynching

An African American journalist who campaigned against lynching in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Sharecropping

An agricultural system in the South allowing tenants to farm land in exchange for a share of the crops.

13/14/15 Amendments

13th: Abolished slavery; 14th: Citizenship and equal protection under the law; 15th: Voting rights regardless of race.

Migration to Cities

The movement of people from rural areas to urban centers, driven by job opportunities during the late 19th century.

Sand Creek Massacre

An 1864 massacre of Cheyenne and Arapaho people by the U.S. Army in Colorado.

Little Big Horn

The 1876 battle where Custer's forces were defeated by Sioux and Cheyenne warriors.

Reservation Schools

Schools aimed at assimilating Native American children into white culture.

Urbanization in the Gilded Age

The rapid growth of cities due to industrialization and migration.

Ghost Dance

A religious movement among Native Americans promising a return to traditional ways and end of white oppression.

Dawes Act

An 1887 law aimed to assimilate Native Americans by dividing tribal land into individual plots.

JP Morgan

A powerful banker and financier pivotal in the development of corporate finance in the U.S.

Wounded Knee

The 1890 massacre of Lakota at Wounded Knee Creek, marking the end of major Native American resistance.

Treaties of Fort Laramie 1851/1868

Agreements establishing boundaries with Native American tribes, often violated by the U.S.

The Populist Movement

A late 19th-century political movement advocating for farmers' and laborers' rights.

Homestead Act of 1862

A law providing 160 acres of land to settlers in exchange for five years of work.

Vanderbilts

A wealthy family prominent in the railroad and shipping industries, especially Cornelius Vanderbilt.

Andrew Carnegie

A steel magnate who expanded the steel industry and became a major philanthropist.

Vertical and Horizontal Integration

Vertical: Controlling all production aspects; Horizontal: Buying competitors to increase market share.

Thomas Edison

An inventor known for developing the electric light bulb and founding General Electric.

Glenda Gilmore’s Thesis

A historian's argument that Southern politics and culture post-Reconstruction were shaped by white supremacy.

Sherman Antitrust Act

An 1890 law prohibiting business practices that restricted trade or created monopolies.

Collective Bargaining

The negotiation process between workers and employers over wages, hours, and conditions.

Eugene Debs

A labor leader and socialist who founded the IWW and advocated for workers' rights.

Anarchism

A political theory advocating for the abolition of hierarchical authority including the state.

Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie's idea that the wealthy must give back to society through philanthropy.

William Tweed

The corrupt leader of Tammany Hall involved in embezzlement and illegal activities.

Farmers Alliance

A 19th-century movement advocating for economic reforms benefiting farmers.

People’s Party

The Populist Party formed in the 1890s representing farmers and laborers.

Goals of Populism

To address farmers' and laborers' issues through bimetallism, regulation of railroads, and direct election of senators.

Susan B. Anthony

A key figure in the women’s suffrage movement who co-founded the National Woman Suffrage Association.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A suffragist and abolitionist who organized the first women’s rights convention.

William Jennings Bryan

A populist politician known for his advocacy of bimetallism and the 'Cross of Gold' speech.

Rough Riders

A volunteer cavalry regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War.

Remember the Maine

A slogan referring to the USS Maine explosion that sparked U.S. intervention in Cuba.

Spanish American War

A conflict in 1898 resulting in U.S. acquisition of territories like Puerto Rico and Guam.

Teller Amendment

A 1898 resolution stating the U.S. would not annex Cuba post-war.

Platt Amendment

A 1901 amendment allowing U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs and establishing a naval base.

Roosevelt Corollary

The addition to the Monroe Doctrine stating the U.S. could intervene in Latin America.

George Dewey

A naval officer known for his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War.

TR/Imperialism

The foreign policy of Theodore Roosevelt promoting active U.S. involvement in world affairs.

Battles of Kettle and San Juan Hill

Major battles in the Spanish-American War where Rough Riders played a key role.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized reporting used to provoke public reaction during the late 19th century.

1912 Election

The presidential election where Woodrow Wilson won, marking a shift toward progressive reforms.

Triple Wall of Privilege

Wilson's term for banking, tariffs, and trusts, targeted for reform in his New Freedom program.

Progressivism/State Level

State-level reforms focusing on direct election of senators and prohibition.

Progressivism/Local Level

Local reforms targeting city governance, corruption, and sanitation.

Progressivism/National Level

National reforms led by figures like TR and Wilson focusing on economic regulation.

Woodrow Wilson

The 28th president known for progressive reforms and leadership during World War I.

Paine Aldrich Amendment

A 1909 compromise on tariff reform leading to higher tariffs than progressives wanted.

NWP

National Woman’s Party advocating for a constitutional amendment for women's suffrage.

Wilson and Progressivism

Wilson promoted critical reforms like the Federal Reserve Act and Clayton Antitrust Act.

Taft and Progressivism

William Howard Taft was more conservative than Roosevelt and faced criticism for less aggressive reforms.

TR and Progressivism

Theodore Roosevelt was a key progressive figure advocating for regulatory reforms.

Imperialism

A policy extending a nation's power through diplomacy or military force.

Australian Ballot

A secret ballot ensuring voter privacy and reducing corruption in elections.

NAWSA

National American Woman Suffrage Association advocating for women's voting rights.

Alice Paul

Suffragist leading the National Woman’s Party for women's constitutional voting rights.

Lucy Burns

Co-founder of the National Woman’s Party and leader in the suffrage movement.

Silent Sentinels

A group led by Alice Paul protesting outside the White House for women's suffrage.

Night of Terror

The 1917 incident where suffragists were arrested and mistreated during protests.

4-Minute Men

Individuals giving short speeches to promote World War I and patriotism.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's military strategy in WWI aiming for a quick victory over France.

Central Powers

The alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire during WWI.

Triple Entente/Allies

The alliance of France, Russia, and Great Britain (and later the U.S.) during WWI.

U.S. Neutrality in WWI

The policy of non-intervention until the U.S. joined the Allies in 1917.

Wilson’s Declaration of War

Woodrow Wilson's request for Congress to declare war on Germany in 1917.

Battles in WWI/US Perspective

Key battles like the Battle of Argonne Forest crucial for the Allies' victory.

16th, 17th, 18th, 19th Amendments

16th: Federal income tax; 17th: Direct election of U.S. Senators; 18th: Prohibition; 19th: Women's voting rights.

TR and Northern Securities

Roosevelt's use of the Sherman Antitrust Act to break up a railroad monopoly.

Moral Diplomacy

Wilson's foreign policy emphasizing support for democratic nations.

Germans in Belgium/1914

Germany's invasion of Belgium in 1914 spurring outrage and U.S. intervention.

Richard Harding Davis

American journalist known for war correspondence in the Spanish-American War and WWI.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germany's policy of sinking any ship around Britain during WWI.

Causes of WWI

Nationalism, militarism, imperialism, and alliance systems leading to the war.

Zimmerman Telegram

A secret German message to Mexico promising territory in return for alliance against the U.S.

Spark and the Cause of WWI

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand sparked the war.

The Lusitania

A British ship sunk by Germany in 1915, influencing U.S. public opinion on entering WWI.

CPI

The Committee on Public Information that created propaganda to support the WWI effort.

George Creel

The head of the CPI responsible for promoting the war effort through propaganda.

J Edgar Hoover/WWI

Hoover's efforts to monitor radicals and potential threats during WWI.

Anti-German Campaign WWI

The vilification of Germans in the U.S. during the war due to rising anti-German sentiment.

Herbert Hoover WWI/Food Administration

Hoover's promotion of food conservation efforts during WWI.

Preparedness Program

President Wilson's initiative to prepare the military before U.S. entry into WWI.