cva exam pt 4

The Urogenital System is really two systems:

Urinary System and the Reproductive System.

Urinary System and the Reproductive System develop from

intermediate mesoderm

will help the body to maintain homeostasis by removing nitrogenous wastes, controlling blood volume, regulating blood pressure, maintaining the appropriate blood pH balance, and osmoregulating to control salt-fluid levels.

kidneys

The vertebrate kidney has a basic pattern of

of Glomeruli, Renal Tubules, and a pair of Excretory Ducts.

kidneys in all vertebrates will be located between the parietal peritoneum and the muscles roofing the coelom. This position is termed

Retroperitoneal

The glomerulus is responsible for

filtration aka first stage of urine formation

what is responsible for filtration aka first stage of urine formation

glomerulus

 amniote glomerulus aka 

renal corpsucle

renal corpsucle made up of

starting point of the renal tubule, the Bowman’s or Glomerular Capsule, and a rete mirabilia called the Glomerular Capillaries

capillaries of renal corpuscle use what for control of blood

afferent and efferent arteriole

a cup shaped structure that wraps around the glomerular capillaries.

glomerular capsule

here will be two layers the glomerular capsule separated by a space into which the filtrate enters. This space is called the

Urinary or Capsular Space.

The outer layer of the glomerular capsule is the

parietal layer

inner layer of glomerular capsule is visceral layer and is composed of unique epithelial cells termed

podocytes

The podocytes have primary and secondary processes that wrap around the glomerular capillaries. The secondary processes are the

pedicles

There will be small spaces between adjacent pedicles called

Filtration Slits

So the filtration membrane in the amniote glomerulus consists of

fenestra of the glomerular capillaries, the shared basement membrane, and the filtration slits.

an increase in blood pressure within the glomerular capillaries will force larger items out of the blood and across the filtration membrane. The product of this filtration is the

Glomerular Filtrate.

Glomerular Filtrate. This type of glomerulus is called an

Internal Glomerulus

. Earlier in development for most vertebrates there is another type of glomerulus, the

External glomerulus

e External Glomerulus. In this type of renal structure the glomerular capillaries are or are not in contact with the renal tubule.

are not

a funnel-shaped opening of the renal tubule called a

Nephrostome

Typically the nephrostome will have cilia that beat so as to establish a current drawing the glomerular filtrate into the renal tubule. These nephrostomes are termed

Ciliated Nephrostomes.

The renal tubules will be associated with a network of capillaries in most vertebrates, the

Peritubular Capillary Bed

The glomerular filtrate will have valuable materials (ex; glucose) that were filtered out of the blood recovered from it by crossing the walls of the renal tubule and entering into the surrounding capillaries. This process is called

Tubular Resorption

To facilitate the three processes of urine formation (filtration, tubular resorption, tubular excretion) the renal tubule and associated vasculature form a single functional unit,

Nephron

The kidneys arise from a portion of the splanchnic mesoderm termed the

Lateral Plate or Nephrogenic Mesoderm.

The hypothetical ancestral vertebrate kidney is termed the

Archinephros

e archinephric kidney is believed to have been several pairs of external glomeruli connecting to pairs renal tubules by way of the nephrostomes. These renal tubules connected to the two excretory ducts that carry the waster product to the cloaca termed the right and left

Archinephric Ducts.

n. The only thing that exists today that is close to the archinephric kidney is the

Holonephric Kidney

Holonephric Kidney develops into

Pronephric Kidney

Which type of glomerulus is suspended in the coelom and uses ciliated nephrostomes to draw filtrate into the renal tubule?

External glomerulus

What is the functional unit of the kidney that includes the glomerulus, renal tubule, and associated capillaries?

Nephron

Which structure draws filtrate from the coelom into the renal tubule in an external glomerulus?

Nephrostome

the first embryonic kidney in all other vertebrates

Pronephric Kidney

What are nephrostomes?

Funnel-like openings on pronephric tubules that draw filtrate from the body cavity.

Do pronephric kidneys last in the adult?

No, they are temporary.

What does the pronephros do while developing?

It induces the formation of the next kidney, the mesonephro

head kidney

pronephric

mesonephros is sometimes referred to as the

middle kidney because forms caudal to pronephros

The only remaining portion of the pronephros will be the pronephric duct which will at this point be called the

Mesonephric Duct

During the development of the mesonephric kidney the nephrogenic mesoderm will produce a new set of urinary tubules, the

Mesonephric Tubules

mesoderm is the part of the embryo’s mesoderm (middle layer of cells) that will develop into the kidneys.

nephrogenic

true or false: The mesonephros is the adult kidney in anamniotes but it a temporary structure in amniotes

true

do hagfish and lamprey display renal portal system

no

The mesonephric tubules in many jawed fishes and amphibians develop more caudally than in other anamniotes and may reach the area of the cloaca. For this reason the mesonephric kidney of these vertebrates is also known as the

Opisthonephric Kidney aka the rear facing kidney

in male jawed fish some of the more cranial mesonephric tubules are modified to carry

sperm

mesonephric tubules in male jawed fish are now termed the

vasa efferentia

explain what sexual kidney is

cranial mesonephric tubules in male jawed fish

The portion of the mesonephric duct that drains the sexual kidney in male jawed fish will be the

epididymis

s. To decrease the mixing of sperm and urine the mesonephric duct will be supplemented or replaced as an excretory organ by a pair of new ducts, the

accessory urine ducts

During the time period that the mesonephros is the functional kidney a new kidney will begin to form, the

metanephros

s. In females the mesonephric duct will degenerate into a series of blind ended tubules within the peritoneum associated with the ovaries. These are the

Eoophoron, Paroophoron, and Gartner’s Ducts

functional kidney of the adult amniote.

metanepheric

An extension of the mesonephric duct near the cloaca will extend into the nephrogenic mesoderm. This extension is termed the

metanephric bud

The stalk-like metanephric bud will become what of the kidney

ureter

ureter of kidney will expand to become

renal pelvis

The metanephric kidney will be covered by a fibrous connective tissue capsule called the

renal capsule

Due to its pattern of development the metanephros will have a depression on the medial aspect called the

hilus

what is the point of communication between kidney and ureter, renal vasculature, and nerves

hilus

internally kidney is divided into

renal cortex, renal medulla, and renal pelvis

The cortex will have extensions running deep into the medulla termed the

cortical or renal columns

Due to the renal columns the renal medulla will be divided into triangular segments called the

renal or medullary pyramids

These renal pyramids will contain portions of the nephrons, excluding the glomeruli, and a series of tubular ducts are a continuation of the collecting ducts called

papillary ducts

which pelvis is the innermost segment of the metanephros and is in direct contact with the ureter from which it arose. 

renal

receives urine from the papillary ducts of the medulla and conveys it to the ureter.

renal pelvis

amniote kidney has the pelvis subdivided into the

Minor Calyces and the Major Calyces.

 highly perforated area called thepapillary ducts in the renal pyramid will open at the apex giving rise to a

area cribrosa

the amniote ureters are paired organs that will convey to the

urinary bladder

The nephron begins in the cortex with the glomerulus. The glomerular filtrate will pass into the first segment of the renal tubule proper

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

The proximal convoluted tubule will straighten and dive into the medulla to form the

proximal straight tubule PST

. The proximal straight tubule will connect with another straight segment called the

distal straight tubule

The distal straight tubule will ascend back to the cortex. The two straight segments form a loop called the

loop of henle

The distal straight tubule will drain into another twisted tubular structure called the

distal convoluted tube

The distal convoluted tubules will have a portion that sits against the glomerulus. This forms the

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus.

Birds and mammals have two classes of nephrons

Cortical Nephrons and Juxtamedullary Nephrons

juxtamedullary nephrons are longer, extend deeper into 544 the medulla, and have a second capillary bed in addition to the peritubular capillaries. This second bed is the

vasa recta

a terrestrial adaptation that aids in conserving water

urinary bladder

mucosa will be arranged into folds when the bladder is empty. These folds are the

rugae

In amphibians, reptiles, birds, and monotreme mammals the urinary bladder opens into the

cloaca

The kidney’s excretory ducts, mesonephric ducts in amphibians and ureters in amniotes, will also open directly into the

cloaca

species lack a cloaca, they will possess a new excretory organ, the

urethra

Unlike females, the urethra in males

both excretory and reproductive

bony fish urinary bladders are evaginations of

nephorgenic mesoderm instead of cloacal evagination

glandular organs that have both an exocrine and an endocrine role

gonads

gonads exocrine role is to produce

gametes

gonads produce which gametes in males

spermatazoa

gonads produce which gametes in females

ova

endocrine role of gonads is to

produce sex hormones

male gonad is

testis

female gonad

ovary

Both the male and female gonads develop from a pair of embryonic thickenings of the coelomic mesoderm located medial to the mesonephric duct. This structure is called the

genital/gonadal ridge

portion of genital ridge where primordial cells become established

germinal epithelium

As the developing gonads grow they become associated with a fold of the dorsal peritoneum. This peritoneal fold is the _________ in testicular development and the _______ in ovarian development

Mesorchium

Mesovarium

In testicular development what will form in the gonadal primordia

Primary Sex Cords

primary sex cords ivade deep into genital ridge and develop

seminiferous tubules

site of spermatogenesis

seminiferous tubules

in females what forms after primary sex cords

secondary sex cords

release of eggs

coelem into oviducts

release of sperm

lumen of the seminiferous tubules and enter into a series of ducts that will convey these gametes to the external environment