second to fourth page (until oxytocin)

enumerate the functions of the endocrine system

• Metabolism

• Control of food intake and digestion

• Tissue development

• Ion levels

• Water balance

• Heart rate and blood pressure changes

• Control of blood glucose and other nutrients

• Control of reproductive functions

• Uterine contractions and milk release

• Immune system function

• It is the inferior part of the diencephalon. It has a unique role

with the endocrine system because it plays a major role in

controlling secretions from the pituitary gland.

HYPOTHALAMUS

extends from the floor of the

hypothalamus connecting it to the pituitary gland

• Infundibulum (pituitary stalk) –

• Nerve cells in the hypothalamus produce chemical signals

called ___ and ___

releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones

• Also known as the Hypophysis

• Roughly 1 cm in diameter, weighs 0.5–1.0 g, and rests in the

sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

PITUITARY GLAND

• Also known as the Hypophysis

PITUITARY GLAND

• Roughly 1 cm in diameter, weighs 0.5–1.0 g, and rests in the

sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

PITUITARY GLAND

What is the size of the pituitary gland?

Roughly 1 cm in diameter, weighs 0.5–1.0 g,

Where does the pituitary gland rest?

in the

sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

what are the hormones of the hypothalamus?

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRHR)

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or somatostatin

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

what are the hormones of the pituitary gland?

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

Growth hormone (GH)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Prolactin

Melanocyte stimulation hormone (MSH)

POSTERIOR PITUITARY

Antidiuretic-hormone (ADH)

Oxytocin

• Also known as somatotropins

• Stimulates growth in most tissues and plays an important role

in determining how tall a person becomes.

• Increases lipolysis (lipid breakdown) and the release of fatty

acids from adipocytes into the blood

• Activates the use of lipids to promote growth and protein

synthesis

• Hypothalamus regulates the secretion of GH by growth

hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH) and growth hormone–

inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

GROWTH HORMONE (GH)

• Also known as somatotropins

GROWTH HORMONE (GH)

• Stimulates growth in most tissues and plays an important role

in determining how tall a person becomes.

GROWTH HORMONE (GH)

• Increases lipolysis (lipid breakdown) and the release of fatty

acids from adipocytes into the blood

GROWTH HORMONE (GH)

• Activates the use of lipids to promote growth and protein

synthesis

GROWTH HORMONE (GH)

• Hypothalamus regulates the secretion of GH by growth

hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH) and growth hormone–

inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

GROWTH HORMONE (GH)

Decreases carbohydrate utilization:

• Decreased glucose uptake in tissues such as skeletal

muscle and fat

• Increased glucose production by the liver

• Increased insulin secretion

GROWTH HORMONE (GH)

Stimulates cartilage and bone growth:

• Increased deposition of protein by the chondrocytic

(cartilage cells) and osteogenic cells that cause bone

growth

GROWTH HORMONE (GH)

What are the factors that affect secretion of growth hormone? enumerate both stimulants and inhibitors

What happens when there is a decreased production of GH?

Dwarfism

What happens when there is an increased production of GH?

o Gigantism – childhood

o Acromegaly – post puberty; long fingers,

spoon/clubbed nails

• Also called thyrotropin

• Stimulates and enhances the synthesis and secretion of thyroid

hormones (T3 and T4) from the thyroid gland

• is secreted in an episodic fashion and its blood levels are

highest at night

THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)

• Stimulates adrenal cortex

• Controls secretion of glucocorticoids and androgens

• Enhances adrenal gland function

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)

• Females: stimulates ovarian follicle development and secretion

of estrogen

• Males: stimulates sperm cell production

FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)

• Females: Stimulates ovulation (production of egg) and

progesterone production

• Males: Testosterone production

LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)

• Promotes milk production

• Stimulated by PRH; inhibited by PIH

• Suckling stimulates PRH release and continuous milk

production

PROLACTIN

Influence brain activity; important in regulation of appetite and

sexual behavior

• Excess leads to darkening of the skin (increase melanin

deposition – darkening of skin)

• May regulate mood/memory, but function is still unclear

MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE (MSH)

Formed primarily in the supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus

• Also called Vasopressin, because it constricts blood vessels and

raises blood pressure when large amounts are released

• Promotes the reabsorption of water from kidney tubules, which

reduces urine volume

• Decreased/deficient ADH:

o Diabetes Insipidus – makes you thirsty and increases urine

output

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)

Formed primarily in the supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)

• Also called Vasopressin, because it constricts blood vessels and

raises blood pressure when large amounts are released

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)

• Promotes the reabsorption of water from kidney tubules, which

reduces urine volume

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)

makes you thirsty and increases urine

output

o Diabetes Insipidus –

• Synthesized by neurosecretory neuron cell bodies in the

paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

• Stimulates uterine smooth muscle contraction during

childbirth and during menses and sexual intercourse

• Responsible for milk ejection in lactating females

o Contracts glands of breast for milk ejection

• Unclear function in males - evidence suggests that it promotes

sperm movement during ejaculation and pair bonding

OXYTOCIN

• Synthesized by neurosecretory neuron cell bodies in the

paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

OXYTOCIN

• Stimulates uterine smooth muscle contraction during

childbirth and during menses and sexual intercourse

OXYTOCIN

• Responsible for milk ejection in lactating females

o Contracts glands of breast for milk ejection

OXYTOCIN

• Unclear function in males - evidence suggests that it promotes

sperm movement during ejaculation and pair bonding

OXYTOCIN