Studied by 12 peopleCharacteristics of the developed world
industrialized and wealthy
democratically elected governments
capitalist economy
Characteristics of the developing world
poorer and still undergoing industrialization
often unstable governments
often economically dependent on other countries
Brandt line
proposed by W.Brandt
divided the world into the rich north and poor south
Industrialized nations
Have many manufacturing industries
Gross National Income (GNI)
Value of all goods and services produced by a country in one year
GNI per capita
GNI divided by the number of people in the country
gives an indication of the amount of money available to each person in the country if its income is evenly shared
Millenium summit (2000)
Meeting held by the 189 member states of the United Nations, where 147 signed the Millennium Declaration in which they committed themselves towards a world of peace and security
Goals of the Millennium Declaration
eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
achieve universal primary education
reduce child mortality
improve maternal health
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Measures the value of economic activity within a country
sum of the market values/prices of all final goods and services produced in an economy during a period of time
GDP per capita
GDP divided by the number of people in a country
shows the average amount of money available to each person in a country
Human Development Index (HDI)
Measure that looks at income, health and education to assess how well economies are doing
Gini Coefficient
Measure of the distribution of income across a population
often used as a gauge of economic inequality
Birth rate
Number of babies born per 1000 people in a population per year
Death rate
Number of deaths per 1000 people in a population per year
Infant mortality
Number of infant deaths per 1000 live births per year
indicates the the medical systems in the country and how well the most vulnerable in society are looked after and protected in their early years
People per doctor
The number of people there are for every doctor in a country or place
Literacy rate
Percentage of the country who are able to read and write as adults
social measure, helps to indicate the standard of education
Access to safe water
Percentage of people who have access to sanitary and safe water that is free from bacteria and parasites
Life expectancy
Average age a person can expect to live at birth
reveals how good food security , water quality, shelter and medical care are
3 aspects looked at in HDI
Wealth: how much money citizens earn Health: access to medical care and life expectancy Education: how good is the system and who has access to it
Development
Sustained combined effort of policy makers and the community to promote a good standard of living while protecting the environment
EPI
Environmental Performance Index
Historical factors affecting development and why
Colonialism - Colonial powers stole raw materials from colonies at a low cost and sole them at an expensive cost
The slave trade - Physically and mentally strong humans were taken from colonies and sold into slavery
Geographical factors affecting development and why
Climate - The poorest countries are in the tropics (infertile land, scarce water, disease)
Location - Landlocked countries have no direct access to the sea/overseas markets
Resources - Quantity and availability of natural resources + the skills needed to process them affect the rate of economic growth
Political factors affecting development and why
Conflicts & Corruption - Unstable political environment may reduce investment and economic development
Social factors affecting development and why
Health - Healthy populations live longer, are more productive and save more
Education - Raises people's productivity and promotes entrepreneurship and technological advances
Economic factors affecting development and why
Technology - Applications of better technology means the same amount of labour will be more productive and economic growth will advance at a lower cost
Infrastructure - Improvements and investments in roadways/machinery/factories will reduce cost and increase efficiency
Trade factors affecting development and why
Balance of Trade - Poorer countries export lower-value raw materials, richer countries export higher-value manufactured goods
Unfair Trade - Developed countries make business laws that put themselves at an advantage over trading partners
Balance of Trade
Value of exports minus the value of imports
Economic indicators
Provide information about health and income
GDP
GDP per capita
Social indicators
Measures things that are about quality of life
Gini-coefficient
Infant mortality
Life expectancy
Literacy levels
Environmental indicators
Show the impact of human activity on the environment
water quality in rivers and lakes
rate of deforestation
carbon dioxide emissions
Indicators of the economic aspects of development
Per capita income How a country earns it income (economic sectors)
Indicators of the social aspects of development
Quality of life Access to social services Infrastructure Access to basic needs
Indicators of the environmental aspects of development
Sustainability
Environmentally sustainable development
Causes as little long-term damage to the environment as possible, leaving enough resources for future generations
LEDCs
Less Economically Developed Countries
export mainly raw materials with less value and therefore earn less
MEDCs
More Economically Developed Countries
export manufactured and specialized equipment
Trade
The exchange of goods and services from producers to consumers
Sustainable resource use
The use of natural resources in a way and at the rate that does not lead to the long-term decline of biological diversity, thereby maintaining potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations
Resource
Any physical material constituting part of earth that people need and value
Renewable resource
A natural resource which will replenish to replace the portion depleted
Non-renewable resource
Resources that are not easily replenished by the environment
Overgrazing
When plants are exposed to intensive grazing for extended periods of time, or without sufficient recovery periods
Overfishing
The removal of a species of fish from a body of water at a rate that the species cannot replenish in time, resulting in those species either becoming depleted or very underpopulated in that given area
Food security
When all people at all times, have physical social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for a healthy and active life
Genetically modified crops
Foods derived form organisms whose genetic material have been modified in a way that does not occur naturally
Sustainable farming
Farming in ways which meet society's present food and textile needs, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
Sustainable fishing
Leaving enough fish in the ocean, respecting habitats and ensuring people who depend on fishing can maintain their livelihoods
Unsustainable resource
There are finite amounts of these resources on Earth and once they are depleted they are gone forever
Causes of soil degradation
Overgrazing Deforestation Agricultural activities Overexploitation Industrialization
Consequences of overgrazing
loss of species of herbs and grasses
compacting soil, preventing seeds form germinating
soil becomes loose and susceptible to wind and water action
soil loses infiltration capacity
Rotational grazing
Process of planned grazing that encourages pasture growth
Sustainable land use for farming
Shifting large herds of livestock form already overstocked communal land Controlled breeding and early weaving Feeding livestock on a crop residue Reserving communal land for small-scale farmers Quota system whereby a number of livestock is allowed to graze on a pasture land
Effects of overfishing
Loss of habitat Loss of coral reefs Loss of a a valuable food source many depend upon
Gill nets
Involves the use of a net, up to 32km in extent, that is generally anchored to a boat and left to float with the tide
can scoop up half a ton of fish
results in an over harvesting of non-commercial marine species
By-catch
All the animals caught in nets or on lines which are unintentional and are usually dead and thrown overboard
Drift nets
Nets hang vertical in the water column without being anchored at the bottom
used to snare fish by their gills
Longlines
Includes a main fishing line up to 100km in length, with secondary lines branching off it, each set with hundreds or thousands of barbed, baited hooks
used to catch fish in open waters
targets tuna, swordfish and Patagonian tooth fish
Purse seine nets
Large wall of netting deployed around an entire area or school of fish
will close at the bottom by means of passing a line through rings attached along the lower edge of the net
usually used to catch tuna
Trawlers
Grid of bars with and opening either at the top or bottom
grid is fitted into the neck of a shrimp trawl, small animals like shrimp slip through the bars into the bad end of the trawl
large animals, when caught at the mouth of the trawl, strike the grid bars and are ejected through the opening
Invasive species
Harm not only the environment but also have industrial, social, recreational and economic impacts
Overcapacity
Oversized fishing fleet takes more than our oceans can sustainably support
Unselective fishing practices and gear
Cause destruction on non-target species
Sustainable fishing practices
Reduce the use of fishmeal Introduce quota policy Effective regulation should be consistent with biology Establish Marine Protected Areas and Marine reserves Improve fisheries
Carbon footprint
Amount of carbon dioxide, or other carbon compounds emitted into the atmosphere by the activities of an individual, company, country
Tips on reducing pressure on resources as an individual
Take shorter showers Do not let the tap run while brushing teeth Install fluorescent bulbs in every room in the house Unplug appliances not in use Recycle
Tips on reducing pressure on resources as a business
Use electric vehicles, locomotives, and fuel efficient planes when delivering goods Use energy efficient machinery Try to make sure bus routes end up near the company Try to recycle all your paper Turn off computer and lights when leaving the building
Tips on reducing carbon emissions as the government
Set policies to curb the emission of greenhouse gases Give incentives to companies that minimizes their emission of greenhouse gases Impose fines to those who exceed the limit of emissions Setting targets to reduce emissions Advocacy campaign on lowering carbon footprint
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