Organic Macromolecules

Macromolecules

Large molecules

Three of the four classes of organic molecules are polymers. Which one isn't a polymer

Lipids are not polymers

Polymers

Made up of repeating monomers

What is (condensation) dehydration reactions

Take away a hydroxyl group from an amino monomer and take away a hydrogen from another amino monomer to make a covalent bond.

Hydrolysis

Adding h2o to break a covalent bond

What is an example of hydrolysis

Digestion

DNA codes synthesis for what organic molecule

Proteins

What is a carbohydrates function

Quick energy

Simple carbohydrates are

Monosaccharides and disaccharides and tri-saccharides

Complex carbohydrates are

Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in all carbohydrates.

1:2:1

What elements are found in carbohydrates

C, H, O

Name three examples of monosaccharides

Ribose, glucose, and fructose

Monosaccharides can be drawn linear and…

Ring shaped

What is a disaccharide

Two Sugar monomers covalently bonded together

What is the name of the bond found between 2 sugar monomers

Glycosidic linkage

Glucose plus glucose makes…

Maltose

Glucose plus fructose makes

Sucrose

What are polysaccharides

Many sugars bonded together

What is the function of polysaccharides

Storage or structure

Starch is…

Plant storage polysaccharide. Made up of a lot of glucose monomers

Starch is found in…

Stored within chloroplasts and other plastids (organelles that hold)

Glycogen is…

Storage polysaccharide and lots of animals. Made up of a lot of glucose monomers.

Glycogen is found in…

Stored within the liver and mainly muscle cells.

Cellulose is…

Structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls

Chitin is

Structural polysaccharide found in animal exoskeletons

You can't digest cellulose because

We don't have the enzymes (cellulase) to break down its structure

The three sub groups of lipids are

Fats, Phospholipids, steroids

The unifying feature of all lipids is they have ____ affinity for water because they consist mostly of Hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds.

little or no

What are fats functions

Energy storage

Fats contain…

Glycerol head and three fatty acid tails

Glycerol formula is

C3H8O3

Fatty acid tails are…

Hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end

How many water molecules are lost when forming a fat

Three water molecules are lost

An Esther linkage is…

Covalent Bond between glycerol and fatty acids.

Saturated fatty acids are…

Full of hydrogen because they have only single bonds between carbons.

Saturated fats are what at room temperature

They are solid at room temperature

Unsaturated fatty acids are…

Not full of hydrogen because there are double bonds between carbons. This causes a kink.

Unsaturated fatty acids are what at room temperature

They are liquid at room temperature

Name an example of a saturated fatty acid

Butter

Name an example of an unsaturated fatty acid

Olive oil

Phospholipids made out of

Two fatty acid tails and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol

Is the phosphate group hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Hydrophilic

Are the two fatty acid chains hydrophilic or hydrophobic

Hydrophobic

When a phospholipid is added to water it creates a with fatty acid tails pointing toward each other

phospholipid bilayer

What part of cells are made up of phospholipids

Cell membranes are made up of phospholipids

What are steroids made out of

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton conisisting of 3-5 fused rings.

Cholesterol is an important steroid found in

Cell membranes

How does cholesterol affect membrane fluidity at moderate temperature?

Decreases phospholipid movement

How does cholesterol affect membrane solidification at low temperature?

Hinders solidification by disrupting regular packing of phospholipids

Cholesterol is essential in mammals but high levels may contribute to….

Clogged arteries

What elements are in lipids

C, H, O (P in phospholipids)

Proteins account for more than ___% of the dry mass of cells

50%

Elements are in proteins

C, H, O, N

Name five examples of proteins

Digestive enzymes, Hemoglobin, Insulin, Nerve cell receptors, Antibodies.

What is this picture

What are enzymes?

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

What are polypeptides?

Chains of many amino acids bonded together.

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids, which contain an R group, an amino group, and a carboxyl group.

How many amino acids are used by cells to make proteins?

Twenty amino acids.

What determines a protein's shape?

The sequence of amino acids.

What is a peptide bond?

The bond between two amino acids.

What is protein conformation?

The unique 3D shape of a functional protein formed by one or more polypeptide chains.

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

What characterizes the primary structure of a protein?

The sequence of amino acids determined by genetic information.

What structures are formed in the secondary level of protein structure?

Alpha helices and beta sheets.

What bonds are present in the secondary structure of proteins?

Hydrogen bonds between the amino and carboxyl groups of different amino acids.

What interactions determine the tertiary structure of a protein?

Interactions between R groups, including hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic clumping, covalent bonds, and disulfide bridges.

What is quaternary structure in proteins?

The structure formed when more than one polypeptide chain is present.

Give an example of a fibrous protein.

Keratin, which consists of three polypeptides.

What is an example of a globular protein?

Hemoglobin, which consists of four polypeptides.

How can a change in primary structure affect a protein?

It can affect the protein's shape and therefore its function, as seen in sickle cell anemia.

What are nucleic acids responsible for?

Transmitting hereditary information and producing proteins.

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA.

What is the role of DNA?

It provides directions for its own synthesis and directs the synthesis of RNA.

What are nucleotides made of?

A pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

What are the two families of nitrogenous bases?

Pyrimidines and purines.

What is the sugar in DNA?

Deoxyribose.

What is the sugar in RNA?

Ribose.

What type of bond creates the sugar-phosphate backbone in nucleic acids?

Phosphodiester bonds.

Describe the structure of the DNA double helix.

It consists of two anti-parallel strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.

What are the base pairing rules in DNA?

Thymine pairs with adenine, and guanine pairs with cytosine.

Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine are in DNA or RNA?

RNA

What is this picture

Amino acid

What is this picture

Phospholipid

What is this picture

Steroid

What is this picture

RNA

What level of protein structure is this

Secondary

What level of protein structure is this

Primary

What level of protein structure is this

Tertiary

What level protein structure is this

Quaternary

What is this picture

Saturated fat

What is happening in this picture

Hydrolysis

What is happening in this picture

Dehydration reaction

What is this picture

Nucleotide

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine are in DNA or RNA?

DNA