Psychopathology Test 3

Schizophrenia

A psychotic disorder in which personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor irregularities.

Psychosis

A state in which a person loses contact with reality in key ways.

Positive Symptoms

Symptoms of schizophrenia that seem to be excesses of or bizarre additions to typical thoughts, emotions, or behaviors.

Delusion

A strange false belief firmly held despite evidence to the contrary.

Formal Thought Disorder

A disturbance in the production and organization of thought.

Loose Associations

A common thinking disturbance in schizophrenia, characterized by rapid shifts from one topic of conversation to another. Also known as derailment.

Hallucinations

The experiencing of sights, sounds, or other perceptions in the absence of external stimuli.

Inappropriate Affect

Displays of emotions that are unsuited to the situation.

Negative Symptoms

Symptoms of schizophrenia that seem to be deficits in typical thought, emotions, or behaviors.

Alogia

A decrease in speech or speech content; a symptom of schizophrenia. Also known as poverty of speech.

Flat Affect

A marked lack of apparent emotions; a symptom of schizophrenia.

Avolition

A symptom of schizophrenia marked by apathy and an inability to start or complete a course of action.

Catatonia

A pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms, found in some forms of schizophrenia, which may include catatonic stupor, rigidity, or posturing.

Prevalence of schizophrenia

1% of population, equal rates across men and women. Onset 23 (men) and 28 (women). More frequent in low SES. Downward Drift Theory

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Positive Symptoms, Negative Symptoms, and Psychomotor Symptoms

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Beliefs with no basis (not always pathological), Non-bizarre delusions (Possible but not realistic), and Bizarre delusions (completely implausible)

Delusions of Persecution

Paranoia and persecuted

Delusions of Grandeur

Beliefs of self-importance

Concerns with perceptual system with schizophrenia

Intensified perception (sensory flooding) and Hallucinations (absence of external stimuli)

Hallucinations with schizophrenia

Can impact any perceptual system, not always pathological

Hypnagogic hallucinations

Experienced while falling asleep

Hypnopompic hallucinations

Experienced while waking up

Hallucination types

Auditory, Visual, Tactile, Somatic, Gustatory, Olfactory

Thinking and Speech with schizophrenia

Loose associations, Neologisms (made up words), Perseveration (words or statements repeated multiple times), and Clang (use of rhyme)

Inappropriate Affect

Emotions unsuited for the occasion and emotion not necessarily related to situation

Poverty of Speech

Alogia (reduction in speech), Dyslogia (less severe), Schizophasia (word salad)

Restricted Affect

Internal experience of feelings (problem with display), Blunted feelings, and Flat affect

Loss of Volition and Withdrawal

Avolition (no energy or interest) and Withdrawal (avoidance of social activities and focus on internal world)

Psychomotor Symptoms

Catatonia (abnormal movement and behavior), Catatonic Stupor (No response to environment), Catatonic Rigidity (Resistance to being moved), Catatonic Excitement (excited, wild, movements)

Type 1 Schizophrenia

Dominance of Positive symptoms 80-85%

Type 2 Schizophrenia

Dominance of Negative Symptoms 15-20%

Stages of Schizophrenia

Prodromal Phase (not present symptoms), Active Phase (symptoms apparent), and Residual Phase (return to prodromal level of functioning)

Dopamine Hypothesis

The theory that schizophrenia results from excessive activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine.

Antipsychotic Drugs

Drugs that help correct grossly confused or distorted thinking.

Phenothiazines

A group of antihistamine drugs that became the first group of effective antipsychotic medications.

Second-Generation Antipsychotic Drugs

A relatively new group of antipsychotic drugs whose biological action is different from that of the first-generation antipsychotic drugs. Also known as atypical antipsychotic drugs.

Schizophrenogenic Mother

A type of mother — supposedly cold, domineering, and uninterested in the needs of her children — who was once thought to cause schizophrenia in her child.

Expressed Emotion

The general level of criticism, disapproval, and hostility expressed in a family. People recovering from schizophrenia are considered more likely to relapse if their families rate high in expressed emotion.

State Hospital

Public mental hospitals in the United States, run by the individual states.

Milieu Therapy

A humanistic approach to institutional treatment based on the premise that institutions can help patients recover by creating a climate that promotes self-respect, responsible behavior, and meaningful activity.

Token Economy Program

A behavior-focused program in which a person’s desirable behaviors are reinforced systematically by the awarding of tokens that can be exchanged for goods or privileges.

Antipsychotic Drugs

Drugs that help correct grossly confused or distorted thinking.

Extrapyramidal Effects

Unwanted movements, such as severe shaking, bizarre-looking grimaces, twisting of the body, and extreme restlessness, sometimes produced by antipsychotic drugs. Also known as antipsychotic medication-induced movement disorder.

Tardive Dyskinesia

Extrapyramidal effects involving involuntary movements that some patients have after they have taken antipsychotic drugs for an extended time.

Agranulocytosis

A life-threatening drop in white blood cells. This condition is sometimes produced by the second-generation antipsychotic drug clozapine.

Cognitive Remediation

A treatment that focuses on the cognitive impairments that often characterize people with schizophrenia — particularly their difficulties in attention, planning, and memory.

Coordinated Specialty Care

A treatment approach for people with severe mental disorders in which clinicians provide interventions ranging from therapy and practical advice to medication monitoring, housing guidance, and vocational counseling.

Deinstitutionalization

The discharge of large numbers of patients from long-term institutional care so that they might be treated in community programs.

Assertive Community Treatment

A community approach for people with severe mental disorders in which a multidisciplinary team provides interventions ranging from medications and therapy to residential and vocational guidance.

Community Mental Health Center

A treatment facility that provides medication, psychotherapy, and emergency care for psychological problems and coordinates treatment in the community.

Aftercare

A program of posthospitalization care and treatment in the community.

Day Center

A program that offers hospital-like treatment during the day only. Also known as a day hospital.

Supervised Group Home

A residence for people with schizophrenia or other severe problems, often staffed by paraprofessionals. Also known as halfway house, crisis house, or group home.

Sheltered Workshop

A supervised workplace for people who are not yet ready for competitive jobs.

Supported Employment

An approach to employment in which vocational agencies and counselors help clients find competitive jobs in the community and provide psychological support while the clients are employed.

Case Manager

A community therapist who offers and coordinates a full range of services for people with severe mental disorders, including therapy, advice, medication supervision, guidance through the community system, and protection of patients’ rights.

Biological Views of Schizophrenia Theory

Genetic Factors, Overactive dopamine, and brain circuit issues

CB view of Schizophrenia

Operant Conditioning Processes and Misinterpretation of unusual sensations

Sociocultural View

Family Dysfunction, Social Stress, and Multicultural Factors

Developmental Psychopathology View of Schizophrenia

Diathesis-Stress Relationship (biological predisposition and environmental triggers), Early Developmental Features (social withdrawal and motor functioning deficits), HPA, Immune system concerns, and inflammation in brain

Schizophrenia Tx

Focuses on symptom reduction with meds (1st & 2nd gen antipsychotics. 70% effective)

Side Effects of anitpsychotics

1st Gens - Parkinsonian Symptoms and Tardive Dyskinesia

2nd Gens - Drop in white blood cells

Milieu Therapy

Therapy Communities

Token Economy

Operant Conditioning

CBT for schizophrenia

Cognitive Remediation, Hallucination Reinterpretation/Acceptance

Personality Disorder

An enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that repeatedly impairs a person’s sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy, and/or capacity for intimacy.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A personality disorder marked by a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness of others.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A personality disorder featuring persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion.

Antisocial Personality Disorder (Sociopath/Psychopath)

A personality disorder marked by a general pattern of disregard for and violation of other people’s rights.

Borderline Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by repeated instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood and by impulsive behavior.

Mentalization

The capacity to understand one’s own mental states and those of other people.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

A comprehensive treatment approach, applied in cases of borderline personality disorder, suicidal intent, and/or other psychological problems; includes both individual sessions and group sessions.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking. Once called hysterical personality disorder.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A personality disorder marked by a broad pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation.

Dependent Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

A personality disorder marked by such an intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control that the person loses flexibility, openness, and efficiency. Traits begin in childhood, most common PD diagnosis, and not strongly linked to OCD

Personality Disorder-Trait Specified (PDTS)

A personality disorder undergoing study for possible inclusion in the DSM. People would receive this diagnosis if they had significant impairment in functioning as a result of one or more very problematic traits.

Bullying

The repeated infliction of force, threats, or coercion in order to intimidate, hurt, or dominate another, less powerful person; particularly common among children and adolescents.

Separation Anxiety Disorder

A disorder marked by excessive anxiety, even panic, whenever the person is separated from home, a parent, or another attachment figure. Most common in kids under 12 and developmentally inappropriate

Selective Mutism

A disorder marked by failure to speak in certain social situations when speech is expected, despite ability to speak in other situations.

Play Therapy

An approach to treating childhood disorders that helps children express their conflicts and feelings indirectly by drawing, playing with toys, and making up stories.

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

A childhood disorder marked by severe recurrent temper outbursts along with a persistent irritable or angry mood.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A controversial DSM-5-TR disorder in which children are repeatedly argumentative, defiant, angry, irritable, and perhaps vindictive.

Conduct Disorder

A disorder in which children repeatedly violate the basic rights of others and display significant aggression. Violate rights of others, Physically aggressive, Destroy property, Steal and lie, Truancy, and Run from home

Parenting Intervention

A treatment approach for conduct disorder, ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability in which therapists combine family and cognitive-behavioral interventions to help improve family functioning and help parents deal with their children more effectively.

Enuresis

A childhood disorder marked by repeated bed-wetting or wetting of one’s clothes.

Encopresis

A childhood disorder characterized by repeated defecating in inappropriate places, such as one’s clothing.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

A group of disabilities — including ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability — in the functioning of the brain that emerge at birth or during very early childhood and affect one’s behavior, memory, concentration, or ability to learn.

ADHD

A neurodevelopmental disorder marked by the inability to focus attention, or by overactive and impulsive behavior, or both. Learning problems, Poor school performance, Communication issues, and Misbehavior are all associated concerns

Methylphenidate

A stimulant drug, better known by the trade names Ritalin or Concerta, commonly used to treat ADHD.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A neurodevelopmental disorder which, according to DSM-5-TR, is marked by substantial unresponsiveness to others, significant communication deficits, and highly rigid and repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities.

Neurodiversity

A perspective, sometimes applied to autism, ADHD, and certain other neurodevelopmental disorders, that holds that all brains differ from each other and that some people’s brains (those of neurodivergent people) develop or work differently from the brains of most other people (those of neurotypical people), without implying that the neurodivergent people are pathological or deficient.

Theory of Mind

An awareness that other people base their behaviors on their own beliefs, intentions, and other mental states, not on information that they have no way of knowing.

Joint Attention

Sharing focus with other people on items or events in one’s immediate surroundings, whether through shared eye-gazing, pointing, referencing, or other verbal or nonverbal indications that one is paying attention to the same object.

Augmentative Communication System

A method for enhancing the communication skills of autistic people, people with intellectual disability, or those with cerebral palsy by teaching them to point to pictures, symbols, letters, or words on a communication board or computer.

Intellectual Disability

A neurodevelopmental disorder marked by intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior that are significantly below average. Also called intellectual developmental disorder. Challenges begin before 18

Intelligence Quotient

A score derived from intelligence tests that theoretically represents a person’s overall intellectual capacity.

Mild ID

Level of intellectual disability where individuals typically have the adaptive skills needed to benefit from schooling, require only intermittent supports as children, and can support themselves as adults with minimal, if any, assistance.

Moderate ID

Level of intellectual disability where individuals can function relatively well in familiar places with moderate levels of assistance.