Management Textbook Review Questions

What is the purpose of a competency statement or check and how is it used by OT managers?

They serve as explicit measures, indicators, or statements that define specific areas of knowledge, skills, and abilities related to essential functions and assigned duties. Used to assure staff are competent in performing essential functions.

What traditional management function would include financial management?

It is both a planning and a controlling function because managers must project (plan) revenue and expenses and act to control spending and other activities to operate within the budget

what are the 4 components of the marketing process?

organizational assessment, environmental assessment, market analysis, and marketing communication

examining what will influence development and promotion of new product through SWOT

organizational assessment

examine the needs of target population that guide development and promotion of new products or service

environmental assessment

involves validation of the perceptions of the wants and needs of the target population

marketing analysis

packaging and promoting product, clear understanding of product and how to access it

marketing communications

What are the 4 steps of the program development process?

needs assessment, program planning, program implementation, and program eval

is continuous quality improvement a management philosophy, method, or both?

Both. As a philosophy it takes an organizational perspective and as a management method it provides a framework for identifying improvement opportunities and managing CQI teams (find solutions)

Leaders and managers must have a complementary skill set and adopt what type of approach?

blended

3 multiple choice options

Transformational leadership can be described as everything listed except

preventing change

3 multiple choice options

Who should assume leadership of the profession of occupational therapy?

Everyone

3 multiple choice options

The difference between leadership and management is based on

intentions and behavior

3 multiple choice options

In hierarchical organizational structures, managers often take an _______________ approach to the achievement of short-term organizational goals

authoritative

3 multiple choice options

A vision represents an ideal mdoel of the future that implies

change

3 multiple choice options

Value-based programs were implemented to

All of the above

3 multiple choice options

Strategies to improve care transitions include all except

Discharge planning assigned to a single provider.

3 multiple choice options

Benchmarking in healthcare systems:

Benchmarking allows comparison in performance with other similar organizations for improvements in different areas of measurement.

3 multiple choice options

Occupational therapy leaders can facilitate the role of occupational therapy providers in reducing hospital read-missions by:

All of the above

3 multiple choice options

Opportunities for occupational therapy providers to demonstrate leadership roles in care transitions include all except:

Completing medication reconciliation to ensure no potential concerns for discharge.

3 multiple choice options

Tools used by occupational therapy managers to measure efficiencies in health care systems include

All of the above

3 multiple choice options

Which topics are possible emerging practice areas?

-School mental health program

-Telehealth

-Evaluation of business offices for universal access

Which process is not part of the formal evaluation process!

Engaging in casual conversations

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following are reasons why an occupational therapy should consider having a mentor?

All of the above

3 multiple choice options

What acronym describes how to create business goals?

SMART method

3 multiple choice options

A business plan that is very detailed, takes a good deal of time to write, and is very comprehensive. This is the plan the lenders and investors will often request when looking for financing. What is this business plan called?

Traditional business plan

3 multiple choice options

In the business model canvas, what term best describes the clear and compelling value that the occupational therapist feels they bring to an emerging practice?

Value proposition

3 multiple choice options

One type of business plan is detailed and comprehensive and can take a good deal of time to write; this is the plan lenders and investors will often request when looking for financing. What is this plan called?

Traditional business plan

3 multiple choice options

What are key differences among the strengths (S), weaknesses (W), opportunities (O), and threats (T), in an organization's SWOT analysis?

- the strength and weaknesses are factors that exist within the internal environment of the organization

- opportunities and threats are factors or conditions that are external environmental influences possibly affecting the key organization

What are the key steps in the strategic planning process?

1. obtaining broad stakeholder input

2. conducting a needs assessment, including SWOT analysis

3. creating possible scenarios and selecting the most likely one

4. developing goals and strategies

5. developing a plan for evaluation

What are some examples of both internal and external resources that can be useful in obtaining a better environmental picture or view of an organization today and in the future?

- reviewing an organizations annual report, website, or social media outreach may provide direction for both current activities and future planning

- program evaluation data (satisfaction surveys etc.) may provide critical insight into the organization's effectiveness

Why is stakeholder participation important in the strategic planning process, and how can different groups or perspectives be facilitated and included?

- it is essential for plan development

- consideration of varied internal and external perspectives enriches the process, leading to higher chance of success

- input may be obtained in multiple ways (surveys, focus groups, group input meetings)

- using a broad section of different groups and views is highly desired in creating a sense of trust, cohesion, and a shared vision

As a member of your state occupational therapy association, what outreach steps can you undertake to influence the strategic planning of state or community agencies? How would you prioritize your actions?

- become actively involved in committees such as legislative affairs or community outreach

- working collectively with other OTs and assistants can lead to the identification of outreach strategies

- reviewing AOTA, state association, and state regulatory priorities can assist in the planning a course of action

- actively volunteering both in OT organizations and other community organizations can provide an entry point to become a part of the change process

Consider that you, as the OT supervisor, are representing a new program idea to the administrative council of the rehab hospital. What steps regarding the strategic plan of the hospital should you review prior to your presentation? Why?

- review the hospitals strategic plan

- determining the link between the program idea and the mission and vision of the hospital

- determine organizations goals and strategies for the next several years and to determine the possible fit with the new program idea

- consider all program costs and the benefits of the hospital

- discuss presentation in greater detail with your supervisor prior to meeting with the administrative council

What is the first step in the research process, and why is this step important? Who would you consult for this first step?

identify the problem or research question, this step is important because it will frame your work moving forward

- you could include a team of colleagues, mentors in the field, or hire a data scientist

What does the M in SMART goals stand for, and why is it important?

measurable goal, drives the planning process by ensuring information is based on available dala

What is a dashboard report, and what types of data can you display on it? What are some limitations of dashboard reports?

a summary report that contains data points to measure performance success in various areas, you can display quantitative data point on it

Where can you find information about emerging cyber technology standards?

HIPAA act of 1996 and the US Department of Health and Human Services website

What harm may come from collecting data from clients using technology without their consent?

- mistrust if this information is discovered

- rights issues with who owns the data

- issues surrounding what researchers are allowed to do with that data once it is collected without consent

How are the steps for developing capacity similar to the therapeutic process used by occupational therapy?

capacity development and the OT evaluation processes are very similar and they both inlcude the goal to improve the current situation through a systematic approach:

- starts with the evaluation to identify stakeholders (client and support system)

- complete a needs assessment (client interview and develop OP)

- identify a plan of approach (development of care plan)

- implement a plan of action (client-specific interventions)

- complete an ongoing evaluation and review of the program (reassessment and progress towards goals)

What are the disadvantages of developing capacity without identifying stakeholders or completing a needs assessment?

- these are two critical steps for building capacity

- could result in work that is not supported or accepted, failed capacity development

- redundancy of work if time is spent developing an area that is already established or by focusing on capacity that isn't truly needed

Is the process of developing capacity linear or ongoing? Why?

it is ongoing and dynamic

- steps such as implementation and evaluation may co-occur, and evaluation may result in revisiting of stakeholders, needs, and plan of approach

- revisiting and returning to steps is a sign of thorough evaluation

Can capacity building be effective and sustainable if stakeholders, capacities, and infrastructure are developed only within the occupational therapy department?

- generally, no academic department or clinic operates solely, and individually, without interacting with others

- departments around us are stakeholders, either directly or indirectly, in the program development

- a capacity development plan that only looks at the internal department's stakeholders, capacities, and infrastructure should be wary and should revisit identification and engagement of stakeholders

What step of capacity development might be most challenging?

varies from project to project, may even change depending on the people engaged in the capacity building process

- each part is vital and needed to be successful

The job description for a new OTA position indicates that the setting is a youthful environment and that recent graduates are encouraged to apply. How could this be viewed as a violation of EEOC law?

the terms "youthful" and "recent graduate" may discourage people over the age of 40 years from applying and may violate the law

Which of the following agencies oversees employment laws in the workplace?

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

2 multiple choice options

True or False: It is illegal for an employer to publish a job advertisement that shows a preference for or discourages someone from applying for a job based upon national origin.

True

1 multiple choice option

This Law prohibits discrimination against qualified persons with a disability

Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act for 1990

2 multiple choice options

An educational technique in which someone demonstrates what they have just been taught or had demonstrated to them is known as

Return demonstration

2 multiple choice options

This practice was correlated with greater job satisfaction and professional competence:

Mentoring

2 multiple choice options

Describe the differences between OT and OTA education

OTA education requires an associate's degree and an OT education requires at least a master's degree

What determines what an OTA can do during each aspect of service provision?

State licensure laws and funding source guidelines determine what an OTA can do during each aspect of service provision

Who is responsible for being aware of the legal and ethical implications of OTA supervision?

Both the OT and OTA are responsible for being aware of the legal and ethical implications of OTA supervision

What actions should an OTA or OT take if a manager or supervisor is requesting services or supervision beyond legal or ethical guidelines?

The OTA or OT should provide written information regarding the legal or ethical conflict to the supervisor and clearly communicate why they will not go beyond legal or ethical guidelines

What should be considered before delegating tasks to an OTA?

- skill level

- legal limitations

- reimbursement guidelines

What is the role of the OTA in progression of a client (i.e., adapting or changing the intervention plan or discontinuing treatment)?

the OTA can communicate with the OT regarding progress and make recommendations, the OT must make all changes to the intervention plan and discontinue treatment

What potential issues may come up if an OTA is in a managerial role?

OTA could be responsible for managing the annual reviews for and performing any disciplinary actions upon the OT who is supervising them clinically (this could cause conflict)

What are examples of indirect supervision, and when would this occur?

- involves conversations over the phone, email, written notes, and confidential electronic communications

- occurs when the OTA has demonstrated competency in all areas and the OT agrees that they do not need direct supervision with the current clients

List the 5 minimum elements of the supervision plan and implementation that should be documented.

1. frequency in which contact occurs

2. type of supervision provided

3. methods of supervision

4. content areas covered that evidence was provided to show service competency

5. names and credentials of all personell involved

Identify 3 strategies that can be used to foster a collaborative relationship between an OT and OTA.

1. clear communication

2. establishing regular uninterrupted meeting times

3. creating a list of items to discuss during meetings

4. being open to feedback

5. using open communication

6. addressing conflicts immediately

7. establishing clear expectations

What are common components of implementation change theories, models, and frameworks that support successful organizational change implementation and sustainability?

- agents of change: developing and leveraging change leaders in the organization to support change implementation and sustainability

- readiness for change: developing a workforce culture that negotiates change through acceptance, engagement, independence, and loyalty

- steps of change implementation: establishing the scope and sequence of the change design, implementation, and sustainability processes

describe competency drivers

a selection of key competencies for innovation and the resources, training, and coaching required for effective performance, they ensure tools and mechanisms are in place for effective and efficient practice and metrics to measure progress and outcomes

describe organizational drivers

organization support systems, policies and practices, and data systems that facilitate decision making and performance, ensure that the barriers to change have been considered and resources have been put in place to mitigate them

describe leadership drivers

the adaptive (group cohesion and collaboration) and the technical (goals and effort) resources of the enterprise, build and nurture relationships that will enable change within the organization

Describe the steps involved in change implementation, sustainability, and outcome measurements in health care.

1. create a climate for change: assess and identify needs of stakeholders, build awareness of the need for change, communicate shared vision, etc.

2. engage and enable the organization: allocate resources for successful change implementation (training and coaching) and develop iterative mechanisms to empower action and achieve intial short term wins

3. implement and sustain action: monitor the stages of change, utilization and absorption of new knowledge, acceptance of change, and the outcomes of the change process

What key areas of OT practice may require systematic change efforts?

OT managers use change implementation processes to increase access and equity, improve service delivery processes, embrace evidence-based innovation, and improve client outcomes

What are the characteristics of transformative communication, and how can they improve change outcomes?

organizational change requires relational engagement throughout change effort, which is achieved through:

- inviting, affirming, and clarifying communication practices

- facilitating dialog, developing shared meaning, conceptual reframing, and expansion

- co-constructing new knowledge

How can the change effort life cycle enable occupational therapy managers to create a change-ready organization?

it enables OT managers to create a change-ready organization and implement evidence-based innovation in health care and includes the following:

- define and plan

- design

- build and test

- train and develop

- operate and innovate

What are the 3 basic characteristics of change that a worker will use to judge its acceptability and achievability? How will attention to these characteristics help OT managers to avoid negative resistance to change?

amount (how much change), intensity (degree of impact of change), and time (taken to make change)

- would reduce stress, anxiety, and emotional reactions that are inevitable when change is proposed

What are 6 basic needs to workers? How do perceived changes in these needs contribute to negative resistance to change?

1. security

2. inclusion/ connection

3. power

4. control

5. competence

6. justice/fairness

- if they don't feel these basic needs, they begin to resist change in negative ways

What are the indications that workers are resisting a proposed change?

- tones of discontent

- ambivalence

- resignation

- anger

- resist or sabotaging change-related activities

How can OT managers support prosocial behavior to reduce resistance to change?

- analyze the social context of the organization

- recognize workers who strive to create supportive, change-oriented environment

- place those workers in leadership roles in the change process

What is the value of developing short-term objectives for change that build toward the ultimate goal of the organization?

they are more achievable and render more immediate feedback that the change can actually progress toward the long term goal

Why is it useful for OT managers to model positive communication with superiors and consultants when experiencing resistance to change?

Workers may alienate themselves from their superiors when change is imminent, so it is important for the manager to demonstrate the positive impact that communication with superiors and consultants may have. Communication about the change also demonstrates support from superiors and solidarity across the organization.

What is the operational definition of a change agent?

someone who can influence others to create change to improve comething, such as a stuation, function, system or context

What are some of the qualities that enable a person's ability to function effectively as an agent of change?

- believing that change is possible

- remaining open-minded and flexible

- carefully managing risk

- listening to feedback

- demonstrating effective negotiation skills

What are some reasons why change agents are important for the OT profession?

1. healthcare is rapidly changing and the profession needs confident change agents who will help to modify existing OT practice contexts to keep pace with the times

2. the OT profession needs confident, impactful change agents and leaders to continue advancing the profession into emerging areas of practice

What are key principles that may support a person's ability to function as an effective change agent?

1. share your ideas

2. take risks

3. make the decision and then make it right

4. collaborate

5. select a context in which you thrive

6. cope effectively with setbacks

What specific aspects within the context may support a change agent's effectiveness?

- supportive leadership

- contexts that foster innovation

- available financial resources

- available space

- mentorship from professionals within the context

How does collaboration support the goals and vision of a change agent?

- sharing the burden of the vision

- helps share the workload

- having more people committed to the effort may result in achieving the goals sooner

- allows members of the team to use their specific stregths to support the effort

- what one may chieve collectively is often greater

True or False: Typically and OT may negotiate worker's compensation payment for occupational services on an annual basis.

True

What are the 3 methods of payment associated with a payment structure?

1. private pay

2. insurance companies

3. grant funding and charities

True or False: Most clients will pay privately for services regardless of their insurance coverage.

False

What is the optimal time period for AR?

35 days

True or False: OT services are not included as part of the bundled care payment model.

False

True or False: Timely and efficient documentation optimizes reimbursement for the OT provider.

True

What is a capital expenditure, and where would you find it on the SoCF?

it is an item purchased that is of significant value and has a useful life of greater than 1 year, it is typically the 3rd statement in a set of audited financial statement headed Cash Flows From Investigating Activities. They are usually found in the middle of the SoCF

What types of cash flows arise with corresponding earned revenue?

there is not always direct or immediate connection between earned revenue and cash flow or payment for the goods or services, it can go either way

Where might you look to see if an organization has good collection procedures?

on the SoCF would be amount shown for Bad Debt

How does cash flow affect OT practitioners, even if they do not own or manage a practice?

cash flow is what sustains an organization

If you manage a practice, what options might you consider to improve your cash position for payroll?

aleways be looking for ways to speed up your receipt of funds, such as accepting credit cards, suing a lockbox for any payment that might come through the mail, or even factoring receivables on which you are awaiting payment