West and the World History Mid Term review Units 1-3

Indulgences

• Sins = punishment after life

• made by Pope Urban II at Council of Clermont he claimed fighting i the crusades was an indulgence

• so then church started printing and selling paper indulgences to reduce future punishment

• could also be bought for deceased loved ones

• this one thing that Martin Luther has a large problem with

University of Wittenberg

• this is where Martin Luther worked and was a professor there

• was a focal point for religious and intellectual change

Elector

• Frederick III was an elector or powerful noble and is in charge of a fiefdom

• Frederick was an elector of the Holy Roman Empire

• he protected Martin Luther

95 theses

• In 1517 Luther posted his 95 Theses to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg. The purpose was to invite debate on these matters not create a split in the church

• Martin is a lone nut😔

• *get some examples on theses*

Diet of Worms

What it Was

• An Imperial Assembly: A "diet" was a formal meeting of the Holy Roman Empire's political and religious leaders, led by Emperor Charles V.

• A Trial for Heresy: Luther was summoned to Worms to face charges for his critiques of the Catholic Church, outlined in works like the Ninety-five Theses. 

Luther's Stance

• Refusal to Recant: When asked to disavow his writings, Luther requested time to consider, then stood firm, stating he could only be convinced by Scripture.

• "Here I Stand": His famous declaration asserted that his conscience, captive to God's Word, wouldn't allow him to recant. 

Caravel

• this is the Portuguese Caravel which were bigger faster and maneuverable (could sail against prevailing winds and currents)

Galleon

• the Spanish Gelleon was a boat that could sail agianst the wind and was bigger faster and more maneuverable

• assiocated with Henry the Navigator nafigatio nschools

Magnetic Compass

• it always pointed north

• helped with age of exploration

Cross Staff

• helped to measure latitude

Aztec Empire

• this is the empire that cortez managed to take control of with dieses and Malinche

• the leader was Montezuma

• highly advanced culture

• the did do human sacrifices but often time that over shadows the true beauty and amazing aspects of their culture like they had doctors, lawyer, artists, merchants

• had an army of 200,000 well trained soldiers

• it is belived that Montezuma belived Cortez was a phrophisied name Kuatzacomo that would return one day

Tenochtitlan

• one of the cleanest cities at the time, floating mats for growing crops so a good bit of innovation

• 400,000 people

• capitol of Aztec Empire remember prophecy about how they would see a an eagle with a snake in its beak and that is the Mexico flag today

Florentine Codex

• Barnadino de Sahagun

  • This was created because the Fransician monks wanted to understand the people they were trying to convert

  • Half is written in Spanish, talks about their culture, social groups

  • pretty impressive and more about learning about them then killing them

Columbian Exchange

• Ecological Impacts (disease, invasive species, new plants foods, cash crops, ecosystem, changed diets etc.)

• Economic

  • Americas:

    • new pop of immigrants

    • new economy

    • increased investment of producing resources from Americas

  • Europe:

    • Big population boom

    • Large economic growth 

    • Massive transfer of wealth from Indigenous People to control those resources do not benefit from the same degree as Europeans

  • Social Impact:

    • Enslavement becoming more and more apart of this society

    • A lot of the fundamentals of racism is from how the Europeans excused African Enslavement

A brief account of the Destruction of the Indies

• Bartelome De Las Casas

• caused king and queen to realize what was happening

Martin Luther

• motivated by injustice

• ofc posts is 95 theses to Church door

• The Printing press helps a lot because his works gets all over

• So he starts a movement which kinda spirals out of his control and he is like I didn’t mean to have this happen

• He is obsessive, like multiple times pope tries to compromise but he like nope!

• He is very very uncompromising

• one theme is taking churches power and giving it to people by giving the bible in the vernacular so they can interpret it themselves since the bible

Johan Tetzel

• extraordinary seller of indulgences

• sold them in Germany

Frederick III

• an elector who protected Martin Luther

• shows that martin luther not only had people on his side but also powerful people part of why ML could make change

Charles the V

• does not support reformation

• Hernan Cortez’s letters to King Charles V

Ottoman Empire

• got control of trade routes made massive debts which forced the people to look for a wat around to get back to trading

• this helped cause Columbuses’ journey

Prince Henry the Navigator

• he ked Portugal in developing technolgy science learning as a center for navigation for the tlatnic

• Themes:

  • Humanism

  • Government Investment

  • a governments job it not just gith wars but make economic opportunities

  • similar to suger has the vision, admistrator, assimilate talent

  • also similar to Lorenzo De’Medici, not a great artist but had the vision of more art

  • All of them are patrons

Vasco de Gama

• he was a portuguese sailor who was the first to go around the tip of africa

Christopher Columbus

• Christopher Columbus, Italian born master navigator, convinced King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to finance voyage to the Asian ✨spice✨ islands, 1492

• De Le Casas used Columbus’s journals to write “History of the Indies”

• Spain said yes because they wanted money while Portugal said no originally to Columbus

• theme:

  • spread of catholiscm

  • exploration

  • Harmful treatment of Indigenous People

  • innovation (a lot of it happened with competition of European countries trying to get to the new world)

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

• said yes to Columbus (actually originally said no and then was like yes cuz they were like what do we have to do)

• themes:

  • exploration

  • competition leading to innovation

Hernando Cortes

• Spanish soldier, stationed in Cuba, set off to conquer the Aztecs after hearing stories of their vast wealth

• Arrived in Mexico in 1519 with about 500 soldiers and 16 horses

• Gifted an enslaved girl named Malinche, who learned Spanish and eventually became an essential advisor and confident for Cortes

• Malinche helped cortes navigate mexican politics and negotiations

• themes:

  • Gold Gd and Glory

  • manipulation and wrong doing of the Spainards

  • military force because of greed

  • the first

Malinche

• helped Cortez take over

• very smart learned Spanish

• gave birth to first Mestizos

• Themes:

  • bad situation into good one

  • the Spaniards taking over the Aztecs

  • feminist icon, considered traitor as well

Montezuma

• Aztec leader who was captured and killed

• thought that Cortez was a gd and commanded people not to kill him

Bartolome de las Casas

• he took Columbuses journals and copied them down word for word

• he then decided to spread Catholocism

• he saw some of the first colonization and was disgusted

• he is one of the first activist

• the King and Queen are disgusted

• themes:

  • spread of catholiscm

  • activist doing the right thing

Herodotus

Father of History, The Histories, Greco - Persian War

Thucydides

• Peloponnesian war
  -Greek Historian

• took work of Herodotus and advanced it

William the Conqueror

• First king of England

• got crown cuz killed guy before him

• mandate of heaven

• William the Bastard, Norman King of England

• 1066-1087

• grandson of Viking and had military tactics like them

• Duke of Normandy- expanded empire in 1066

• his mom is the mistress to Robert I

• marries Matilda Flanders (power goes up)

Harold Godwinson

• was friend of William the Conqueror but then betrayed him by excepting the throne when it was offered to him, however William says that he sweared before gd

King Edward the Confessor

• the guy that William killed to get throne, but then council gave it to Harold

*Saxons

a member of a Germanic people that inhabited parts of central and northern Germany from Roman times, many of whom conquered and settled in southern England in the 5th-6th centuries.

*Normans

• William the Conqueror was one

• decentdants of viking selleded in northern france and then conquered england

Vikings

• Germanic / Frankish split (Char's grandsons)

• see this as an opportunity to get more land

• sea faring Norse people

• pirated + raided + traded across Europe

• longships
  -Scandinavian war ships, long graceful, wide, light , shallow draft, symmetrical bow + stern

• no centralized power, little communities

Emperor Constantine

• Founded Constantinople

• best known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor

• issued the Edict of Milan in 313, granting religious toleration throughout the empire

Emperor Theodosius

The Roman emperor who made Christianity the official religion of Rome

Emperor Alexius I

emerpor of the Byzantine empire, asked Pope Urban II for help

St. Benedict

-Italian monk whose life and teachings are documented in Pope Gregory's Dialogues, written in 593 CE
-Founded 12 monasteries in Italy
-Wrote the Rule of Saint Benedict, providing guidance for future monasteries that still exists today.

• how to run monastery
  -Emphasis is a balance of both spiritual and secular existence. Also allows for moderation, opening the door for more academic and artistic pursuits.

Middle Class/Bourgeois

• characteristic of middle-class people, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values

• made of merchants and crafts people

Seljuk Turks

• that's who the crusades were aimed against

*Mamluk Turks

• the enslaved soldiers

• Saladin was the ruler of these peopl

Saladin

• defeated crusades by uniting Islamic kingdoms

• Kurdish military and founder of the Ayyubid Dynasty

• was model for ottoman empire which ultimately defeats Christian Empire

• he had soft power in diplomacy and hard military power

*Richard the Lionhearted

An English king who lead the Crusaders in an attempt to regain the Holy Land from Saladin.

Moors

Muslims from North Africa

Divine Right of Kings

• the belief that the authority of kings comes directly from Gd

• legitimized rule in both Church and State

*Holy Roman Empire

• Chars empire the first power after rome

Byzantine Empire

Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half that survived for another 1000 years

Fiefs / fiedom

Fiefs were land grants or other rights given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service, forming the basis of the feudal system. A fiefdom was the territory or estate controlled by a lord, which he would then grant out as smaller fiefs to his vassals, creating a hierarchical system of reciprocal obligations

Vassals

lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity

Fealty

obligated loyalty or faithfulness

Feudalism

the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

Cluny Abby

• St. Benedict type place

• one of the largest libraries in Europe and largest basillica until St. Petesin Rome in the 16th century

Monastery

• a community of monks

• become centers of education

• art center, teaching, craft being passed down

• also, you have to take a vow of poverty

• suffering, sacrifice, over the needs of flesh

• become powerful, luxury

Convent

• a religious residence especially for nuns

Battle of Hastings

• the decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons under Harold II (1066) and thus left England open for the Norman Conquest

Battle of Hattin

• Saladin defeated Crusades in 1187 CE part of 3rd Crusade

Council of Claremont

Pope Urban II called for the first crusade, this was who he convinced

Kingdom of Jerusalem

• Four Separate armies marched east. Conquered 4 separate regions in the eastern Mediterranean, including Jerusalem. Kingdoms remained in European hands for almost 200 years.

• Those 4 are:

  • Kingdom of Jerusalem

  • County of Edessa

  • Principality of Antioch

  • County of Tripoli

Chivalry

• Bravery

• Loyalty was done by knights and nobles they are one and the same

Three terms connections

• Seljuk Turks

• Fiefs

• Domesday Book

Saint Francis of Assis

• takes oath of poverty cuz got a vision from gd that he should rebuild a church and like the culture to

• helps poor, helps animals

*Suger

• minor nobel

• CEO type

• spend money on making church look better to bring more people in to get closer to gd

• when they see the beautiful paintings they do not need material things

Bernard

• grew up with nobel family in france

• creates his own order

• 35 years 350 monastaries

• simplistic

• spend the money on the people not eloborate decorations or buildings

• he sees poor people in poverty suffer while there is gold and treasure in the center

• the already rich places do not need more money

• keeps christians not distraced and focus on being devout and on gd

St. Thomas Aquinas

• Dominican and church's greatest theologian, formed Catholics understanding of natural law

• reasoning to extend knowledge by interference

• huge figure in the Catholic Church

• established Thomism which intergrates aristotles philisphy with christianty

Al-Andalus

• alot of science and culture

• Cordoba was the capital

• tries to rival Baghdad

• start to see more Europenas here back and forth

• the book project translation thing

Averroes

Spanish-Arabian philosopher and doctor, wrote commentaries on Aristotle, emphasized the compatability of faith and reason, said philosophical knowledge was derived from reason

• muslim andalusian translated into Arabic and wrote commentary on classical works

Lerenzo de' Medici

• they were bankers who ruled in florence

• patron to the arts

• they used the art they commisioned as soft power

• also legitmized wealth

• they were like Flrointine Gangsters

Petrarch

• he climbed a mountain and then had an epiphany

• he looks at the sight but it should be more about himself

• like focus on yourself

• also did some stalking and love letters

• starter of the humanist movement

*Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Sandro Botticelli

Birth of Venus

• this wrok embodies the shift towrdds humaisn in art

• not just religous figures but classcial myhtogly characters

Filippo Lippi

Maddona and child

• showed humanism through realism

Raphael

School of Athens

• also made painting of pope leo X

Leonardo Da'Vinci

1452-1519, The true Renaissance man, a painter, engineer, scientist, inventor and sculptor. Most famous for the Mona Lisa, great facial expressions, Ginerva de' Benchi, Madonna of the Rocks, and the Last Supper.

Niccolo Machiavelli

• grew up in middle class

• when the meddicis where kicked out and replaced with a republic and Machiavelli is apart of it

• then meddicics come back with vengenceand torture him

• he focuses on fortuna vs. virtu

• better to be feared than loved

• belives in the value of hard power

*Picco Della Mirandola

wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man

Bi Sheng

• made first printing press, or movable type

Johannes Gutenberg

• made first pringing model in germany

• orginally made calanders and pamphlets

• Gutenberg bible

• only 180 copies

• only about 49 surviving bibles

• last one sold for 35 million bibles

Mehmed II

• Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"

• responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453

• destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire - alltilary

Rensaissance Man

• a person who is good at a lot of things

• considered a polymath

• intellectual curiosity

• Oprah, Benjamin Franklin

Castiglione

• The Ideal of the Well Rounded Man

• should develop a wide range of skills to achieve a balanced and complete character

The Canticle of Brother Sun

• prayer of St. Francis that reflects his love of creation

All Soul's Chant

• the depressing one about the judgment day everyone will burn heck

St. Denis Cathedral

• Church in northern Paris. Used Romanesque and Gothic styles (rose window and pointed arches) and is named after St. Denis who was beheaded because he was preaching to Pagans and they didn't want to listen

• suger made it really fancy on the inside

Gothic Style Architecture

type of European architecture that developed in the Middle Ages, characterized by flying buttresses, ribbed vaulting, thin walls, and high roofs

Facade

the front of a building

Tympanum

• The area above a portal (door) enclosed by an arch, and the most important site for sculpture on the exterior of the church.

narthex

a small room or porch leading into the nave genrarlly

nave

the central area of a church

apse

• a semi-circular or polygonal vaulted space behind the altar

Transept

• the part of a church with an axis that crosses the nave at a right angle

crossing

the space in a cruciform church formed by the intersection of the nave and the transept

flying buttress

• a buttress that stands apart from the main structure and connected to it by an arch

• used for weight support

astrolabe

• used to tell time, travel, eventually to told when to pray

secular patronage

• the financial support provided by non-religious individuals or groups, such as wealthy merchants and noble families, to artists and other creative works

• soft power, legitimize wealth, way to make morally ok to be wealthy

humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements rather than death, also we see a shift in their art

rhetoric

• the art of using language effectively and persuasively

• we see art is used to do this and convey ideas

fortuna vs. virtu

• virtu: your decisions, experience

• fortuna: the ones born into it

• fortune is very fickle and will not have you stay on top for long

• the poeple that used virtue are more solid

*The Prince

• written by machiavelli, described that power is more important, "better to be feared than loved"

• must lay good foundation or will fall

• the duke didn't rely on luck

• over turned leaders and made their allis his friends and gained the people with prosperity

- set up a court of judgment and then when people didn't like the dude he publicly executed him

*Oration on the Dignity of Man

This work, by Pico della Miandola, is regarded as the most famous Renaissance statement on the nature of humankind. It drew on Platonic teaching to depict humans as the only creatures on earth who possessed free will and could chose to become angels or pigs

• people can choose to be animals or men and acend to greatness humaistic ideal

• gives intellectual background of humanism and how ti alinegs with church