AP Psych Semester 1 Final

History and Perspectives, Science Practices, BBB, BBB2: Sensation, Tranduction, Sleep, and Drugs, Perception, Cognition, Learning and Behaviorism, Developmental

Psychology

the study of human behavior, the mind, consciousness

mind

where cognition occurs

Consciousness

our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

Nature/Nurture Problem

Nature=genes influence behavior, Nurture=environment influences behavior (tabula rasa)

Free Will vs Determinism Problem

FW: Choice and cognition D: fate, Destiny, cause and effect

Perspectives

differing viewpoints of the same thing

approaches

differing ways of investigating an issue

philosophy

study of life’s great questions (ex. why are we here?)

plato

ancient Greek philosopher, foundational thinker of western philosophy

Prisoner’s Cave Analogy

how do we know that what we see as reality, is truly reality

Rene Descartes

All you can know is your here and you can only know what you know

The Mind/Body Problem

issue of understanding connection between mind and body

Mind/Body Dualism

The way of superstition. Non-verifiable, non-scientific

Monism

Early Precursor to the biological perspective

British Empiricism

Knowledge is gained empirically. foundation of science, away from philosophy

psychoanalysis

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

Sigmund Freud

Developed psychoanalysis: Hypnosis, Dream Analysis, Fee association. Oedipus and Electra Complex

psychodynamic

Freud, psychoanalysis, iceberg- more to you than can be seen

Free Association

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Phobia

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

Defense Mechanism

in psychoanalytic theory, the egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Repression

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts

Unconscious

according to freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. Information processing of which we are unaware

Id

fully unconscious: pleasure principle, food and sex desire

Ego

Partially Conscious: reality principle

Superego

partially conscious: source of guilt conscience

Object Relations Theory

Psychoanalytic; how internal relationships w/ others shape early attachments and influence future relations

Behaviorism

What we see as “behavior” is a result of responses/adaptations to its environment

Ivan Pavlov

Dogs and Salvation - discovered behavior principles by mistake

Edward Thorndyke

discovered the law of effect

Law of Effect

Responses followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to occur, and the opposite.

John B. Watson

little albert experiments, fear can be learned, applied to marketing

Rosalie Raynor

Watson’s assistant, mistress, lil albert

B.F. Skinner

Skinner box, radical behaviorism, cognition=unimportant

Radical Behaviorism

environment influences mind and explains behaviors

Behavior Modification

therapeutic technique to change behavior w/ positive or negative consequences

Humanism

Third force, answer inside you, emphasis on growth potential

Abraham Moslow

Hierarchy of Human needs

Self-Actualization

Maslow- one of the ultimate psychological needs that arise after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved, the motivation to fulfill ones potential

Personal Growth

grow in areas of life, maslow says to grow everything deltaT must be good

Belongingness

feeling of acceptance and familiarity

positive psychology

The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive

cognitive perspective

mental processes, thinking, language

Gestalt Psychology

The whole is greater than the sum of the parts

Mental Processes

thoughts and actions and tasks that occur in the brain/mind

Cognitive Neuroscience

ask subject to think of something (part of brain lights up)

Biopsychosocial Approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints

Socio-Cultural Perspective

How people behave in groups, cultural impacts, social norms affect on behavior, etc.

Culture

the society, region, traditions you grow up with (geographically often)

Social Norms

society’s expectations and common habits (unspoken rules)

Socialization

process where values, behaviors, and attitudes are considered appropriate to culture/society

Cultural Psychology

cultures shape members psych process

Context

background information

individualism

by ones self

collectivism

as a group

biological perspective

studies biological and physical basis of behavior (ex. study brain)

behavioral neuroscience

how nervous system affects behavior and emotions

nervous system

network of nerve cells that allow interaction with environment

behavior genetics

genes and environment affect behavior

neurotransmitter

chemical messengers that allow neurons to communicate with each other and cells. Allow life functions

Endocrine System

network of glands and organs that produce hormones that regulate things such as mood and metabolism

evolutionary psychology

all human behaviors reflect influence of predispositions from ancestors

Darwin

applied natural selection ideas to mind

Domains

specific area

Domain:Biological

biology application to concepts like brain mechanics

Domain: clinical

studies disorders and how to treat them

Domain: cognitive

studies mental abilitys

Domain: counseling

helping others with mental distress

Domain: developmental

studies behavioral and mental development. 0-100

Domain: educational

how people learn and retain information

Domain: experimental

use controlled experiments to study behaviors and functions

Domain: industrial-organizational

in the work place

Domain: personality

big 5 personality traits (openness, extraversion, etc.)

Domain: psychometric

measures attributes like intelligence

Domain: social

how behaviors are influenced by social interactions

Domain: positive

how to encourage acceptance of past and optimism for future

Scientific Method

standardized way of making observations, testing predictions, forming theories, and interpreting results. hoping to avoid bias

Hindsight Bias

“I knew we were the best” after you already won

Applied Research

research that has a specific point (applicable)

basic research

maybe interesting and may add to our knowledge base, but isn’t readily applicable

hypothesis

a testable falsifiable prediction about some phenomenon. (If-then statement)

Independent Variable

variable that we choose to alter

Dependent Variable

variable that changes because of the independent variable change. Result

Confounding Variables

anything besides independent that may skew results

• Participant Relevant

• Situation Relevant

participant relevant

participants introduce to experiment

situation relevant

environment caused confounding variables

theory

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

operational definition

translating abstract terms into something observable/empirical and measurable/concrete

validity

the extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what its supposed to

reliability

the extent that a test has consistent results, assessed by retesting, adjustments, and consistency of scores

replication

repeating essence of study, with different people and situations to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced

sampling

the process of selecting the participants for the experiment

sample

a selected group within a population. the larger the sample, the better chance we have of reflecting the characteristics of the population as a whole.

Population

the people who qualify to be in an experiment. anyone or anything who possible could

representative sample

reflects the make-up (characteristics) of the larger population

random sample

statistically random, everyone in population has equal chance of being selected

stratified sample

the sample will be made up of sub-groups that have proportional representation of each significant factor

experimental method

control and experimental groups HAVE causation

laboratory vs field experiments

in lab vs in natural setting (public)

confederate

someone who participates in a study but is not the main focus