Central Nervous System

cephalization

evolutionary development of the rostral portion of the CNS, results in an increased number of neurons

humans

species that exhibits the most cephalization

1500 g (3.3 lb)

on average, a human brain weighs _______

cerebral hemisphere

diencephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

cerebellum

midbrain

pons

medulla oblongata

white

______ matter consists of mostly myelinated axons with some nonmyelinated axons, with the dense fatty myelin

gray matter

______ consists of short, nonmyelinated neurons and neuron cell bodies

ventricles

spaces in the brain

ependymal

ventricles are lined with ______ cells

cerebrospinal fluid

ependymal cells produce and circulate ______

frontal lobe

parietal lobe

temporal lobe

occipital lobe

cerebral cortex

location of our conscious mind

2-4 mm

the cerebral cortex is ______ thick

40

the cerebral cortex contains _____% of our brain mass

motor, sensory, and association

the cerebral cortex's 3 function areas are ______

contralateral

each hemisphere in the cerebral cortex is concerned with the ______ side of the body

lateralization

the 2 hemispheres in the cerebral cortex are not equal in function since there is ______ of cortical function

frontal

conscious control over muscular movement lies in the ______ lobe

encephalopathy

any disease or disorder of the brain

hypersomnia

a condition in which affected individuals sleep as much as 15 hours a day

narcolepsy

neurological disorder characterized by extreme daytime sleepiness and sudden attacks of sleep

insomnia

a chronic inability to obtain the amount or quality of sleep needed to function adequately during the day

hydrocephalis

obstruction blocks CSF circulation or drainage, resulting in increased pressure

meninges

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

meningitis

inflammation of the meninges due to bacterial, viral, fungal, or amoebic invasion of the CNS

acetylcholine

associated with Alzheimer's disease

dopamine

associated with Parkinson's disease

GABA

inhibitory neurotransmitter (Cl-)

brain and spinal cord

central nervous system is made up of the ______

gyri

ridges of the brain

sulci

shallow grooves that separate gyri in the brain

fissures

deep grooves in the brain

precentral gyrus

primary motor cortex

posterior gyrus

contains primary somatosensory cortex

arachnoid mater

weblike middle layer of the three meninges

dura mater

thick and outermost layer of the meninges

pia mater

thin and delicate inner membrane of the meninges

-70

resting potential

-55

threshold/trigger zone

sodium

on the outside of a neuron at rest; when it enters a cell the voltage increases

potassium

on the inside of a neuron at rest

chlorine

when ______ enters the cell, the voltage decreases

depolarization

voltage goes from negative to positive

polarization

voltage goes from positive to resting

sodium potassium pump

helps voltage return to resting (pumps 3 Na back out for every 2 K brought in)

calcium

triggers the release of neurotransmitters

endorphins

neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

lower spine

a spinal tap is done in the ______

multiple sclerosis

a chronic disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath

hyperpolarization

movement of the membrane potential away from rest potential in a more negative direction