IB Chemistry: Organic chemistry

homologous series

homologous series

group of organic species, all containing the same functional group and varying only by carbon-chain length
( number of CH2)

functional groups

reactive parts of the molecules
contains elements like oxygen and nitrogen

What is the difference between unsaturated and saturated bonds?

Saturated: single bonds only
Unsaturated: contains double or triple bonds

Show the formula, condensed structural formula, and structural formula for methane.

Formula:: Ch4
Condensed: Ch4
Structural:

Show the formula, condensed structural formula, and structural formula for butane.

Formula: C3H6
Condensed: Ch3Ch2CH2Ch3
Structural

General formula for alcohols

C(n)H(2n+1)OH

General formula for aldehydes

C(n)H(2n)O

General formula for ketones

C(n)H(2n)O

what is the difference between aldehydes and ketones

aldehydes: hydrogen is attached to the C=O on end of the chain
Ketones: no hydrogen and C=O in middle of chain (not at end)

What happens to the the physical properties of homologous series as the carbon chain increases?

boiling point increases

What is fractional disillation

physical separation process that uses differences in boiling points to separate the mixture

What is benzene?

aromatic, unsaturated hydrocarbon

What are hydrocarbons?

Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen

characteristics of successive members of a homologous series

differ by a CH2 group; same general formula; gradual change in physical properties; similar chemical properties

empirical formula

the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms the molecule contains

molecular formula

the actual number of atoms of each element present in the molecule

skeletal formula

most basic form: each corner means a carbon and each carbon has hydrogen atoms connected that are not shown
Propane:

structural formula

a representation of the molecule showing how the atoms are bonded to each other

-ane

alkane

alkane general formula

C(n)H(2n+2)

-ene

alkene

-yne

alkyne

-anol

alcohol

-anal

aldehyde

-anone

ketone

-anoic acid

carboxylic acid

-anoate

ester

structural isomers

compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of the atoms

primary carbon atom

carbon atom in an organic molecule that is attached to the functional group and at least two hydrogen atoms

secondary carbon atom

carbon atom in an organic molecule that is attached to the functional group, one hydrogen atom and two alkyl groups

tertiary carbon atom

carbon atom in an organic molecule that is attached to the functional group and three alkyl groups

Alkenyl

Functional group of alkenes

Alkynyl

Functional group of alkynes

Phenyl

Functional group of Arenes

Hydroxyl

Functional group of alcohols

Aldehyde

Functional Group of Aldehyde

Carbonyl

Functional group of ketones

Carboxyl

Functional group of carboxylic acids

Ester

Functional group of esters

Ether

Functional group of ethers

Amino

Functional group of amines

Amido

Functional group of amides

Cyano

Functional group of nitriles

Saturated

All carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds

Unsaturated

One or more carbon-carbon bonds are double or triple bonds

Aliphatic Compounds vs Aromatic Compounds

Aliphatic compounds can have saturated or unsaturated carbon chains but the bonds are localized between two carbon atoms. Aromatic have delocalized electrons that circulate around a ring.