health & fitness - midterm review

Q: What are normal resting cardiac output values?

A: Males: 5–6 L/min; Females: 4–5 L/min

Q: Which increases continuously during a graded exercise test: heart rate or stroke volume?

A: Heart rate

Q: Which plateaus during a graded exercise test and why?

A: Stroke volume; plateaus because the heart can’t fill any faster

Q: Cardiac output formula

A: Q = HR × SV

Q: Stroke volume formula

A: SV = EDV − ESV

Q: First step of atherosclerosis

A: Damage to artery wall (often from high blood pressure)

Q: What are foam cells?

A: Fat-filled cells formed from macrophages consuming LDL

Q: What forms after foam cells accumulate?

A: Fatty streaks → fibrous plaque (smooth muscle cells involved)

Q: What is the all-or-nothing principle?

A: A neuron/muscle fiber either fires completely or not at all

Q: What is a motor unit?

A: One motor neuron + all muscle fibers it controls

Q: Function of myelin

A: Speeds up nerve signal transmission

Q: Function of dendrites

A: Receive signals from other neurons

Q: What produces the most force: concentric, eccentric, or isometric?

A: Eccentric

Q: How is oxygen transported in blood?

A: 98% bound to hemoglobin, 2% dissolved in plasma

Q: How is CO₂ transported?

A: Mostly as bicarbonate, some bound to hemoglobin

Q: What is AV O₂ difference?

A: Difference between oxygen in arterial vs. venous blood

Q: Difference between aneurysm and stroke

A: Aneurysm = vessel bulge/rupture; Stroke = blood flow blockage or bleed in brain

Q: Minimum activity recommendations

A: 150 min moderate OR 75 min vigorous + 2 days resistance

Q: What makes a scientific article credible?

A: Peer-reviewed

Q: HIIT

A: High Intensity Interval Training

Q: HICT

A: High Intensity Circuit Training

Q: What is GXT?

A: Graded Exercise Test (intensity increases over time)