PHI 1000 - Exam #1

agonism

the meaning of life is to be found in conflict

greek heroic code

honor is the only thing worth living for and loss of honor is worse than death

Plato’s tripartite soul

epithumia, thumos and logos

epithumia

appetite

thumos

spiritedness

logos

intellect

socrates charges

corrupting the youth and impiety

socratic irony

pretending to know less than one actually does

essential property

a property an object must have

accidental property

a poperty an object happens to have but that it could lack

intrinsic property

holy and so it is loved by the gods

extrinsic property

loved by the gods so its holy

moral rationalism

god commands what god commands because it is morally good, morality can exist without God

divine command theory

the morally good is good because god commands it, no God no morality

dogmatism

a set of views and opinions that claims to be in possession of an unquestionable truth

question begging

assume the truth of the conclusion of an argument without proof

mataphysical dualism

soul and body are two separate distinct substances

dualism

the mind and body are distinct kinds of substances

physicalism

view that everything that exists is matter

theory of recollection

idea that all knowledge is innate and learning is the process of remembering what the soul already knew before birth

fallacy of equivocation

when a word or phrase in an argument is used in multiple senses, leading to an invalid conclusion

apodictic certainty

certain knowledge that is considered to be undeniably true thorugh irrefutable reasoning, impossible to doubt

radical doubt

method of doubting all ones beliefs to find a foundation of certain knowledge

foundationalism

argues that all justified beliefs are built upon a foundation of basic, self-evident truths

madman argument 

the possibility that the senses might be completely deceiving a person

dreamer argument 

questions whether we can truly know anything about external world based on our senses because dreams can feel indistinguishable from reality

evil demon argument

imagines a powerful and malicious demon decidicated to deceiving him about everything

archimdean point

something utterly “firm and immovable”

cogito ergo sum

the undoutable, believed that he exists “i think, therefore i am”

substance dualism

res cogitans: mind, res extensa:matter

clear and distinct

an idea that can’t be doubted no matter how hard you try

types of proofs of existence of God

ontological, cosmological, teleological

ontological

a priori: show that existence is logically entailed by the very idea of God

Cosmological

a posteriori: find evidence in the universe that it was created by God

teleological

demonstrate that the universe exhibits ends or purpose indicating the existence of God

trademark argument - 1st proof

a finite being could not have generate the idea of an infinite being on its own, so God placed it there

descartes ideas

innate, adventitious, invented

innate

ideas we’re born with

adventitious

ideas we get from sense perception

invented

ideas we make through recombination

the cartesian circle

whatever descarte perceives clearly and distinctly is true because God would not allow him to be wrong about what he perceives

ontological argument - 2nd proof

by definition God is perfect, existence is perfection, if it doesn’t exist its not God, existence is an essential property of God, exists in both the mind and reality 

theory of forms

ultimate reality is comprised of abstract, ideal entities (forms)

Socrates relationship with body 

body was just a a vessel, expects his soul to survive and depart for another place