Philosophy Final

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30 Terms

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Moral Objectivism

There are objective moral truths that apply to all people regardless of culture or personal belief.

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Moral Relativism

Moral truths are not universal; they depend on cultural or individual perspectives.

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Moral Subjectivism.

Morality is based on individuals moral standards

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Moral Cultural Relativism?

moral judgements are true or false relative to a persons culture

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Utilitarianism according to Mill

a ethical theory that judges actions to be morally right to the extent that they maximize happiness, produce pleasure and prevent pain

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Greatest Happiness Principle

an actions is the right one if it produces the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people.

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major problem of Utilitarianism involving omniscience

We can't predict all consequences.

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Utilitarianism relate to rights

It can justify violating individual rights for the majority's happiness.

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main concern of injustice within Utilitarianism

It may lead to morally unjust outcomes (e.g., punishing an innocent person for social peace).

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Deontology emphasize in Kantian Ethics

Ethics based on duty and rules, not consequences.

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Good Will in Kantian Ethics.

a human will that acts out of respect for moral law

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Universal Law formulation of the Categorical Imperative

Act only on a maxim you can will to be a universal law.

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the Formula of Humanity

Treat others always as ends in themselves, never merely as means.

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Divine Command Theory

Morality is determined by God’s commands; an act is right if God commands it.

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Theistic Natural Law Theory

Morality is grounded in human nature and reason, as designed by God.

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Theistic Viewpoint on the meaning of life.

Life’s meaning comes from God’s purpose for us.

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Atheistic Existentialism's view on life's meaning

Life has no inherent meaning; it’s up to us to create meaning through our choices.

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Sartre’s idea of 'Existence Precedes Essence'.

We exist first, then define ourselves through actions; there is no fixed human nature.

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Camus' concept of The Absurd.

The conflict between our desire for meaning and a meaningless universe.

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Beauvoir mean by 'Woman as The Other'?

Society defines woman in relation to man, denying her subjectivity.

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Double Consciousness as described by W.E.B. Du Bois

The internal conflict African Americans feel from seeing themselves through their own eyes and through the lens of a racist society.

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Hanson view the relationship between film and philosophy

Film can uniquely show self-deception visually, capturing how we lie to ourselves.

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Russell's stance on film as a medium for philosophy

Film struggles with rigorous argumentation but can illustrate ideas; philosophy is better at precise logic.

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Lutfiyya characterize films in relation to thought experiments

Films can resemble thought experiments but often lack clarity or focus.

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definitions of Biographical Life as per Frowe

Life as a story with personal identity, goals, and meaning.

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Consequentialism

actions are to be judged right or wrong solely on the basis of their consequences

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Hedonism

no action is simply right or wrong in itself: right if it produces good consequences, bad if it produces bad consequences

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Egalitarianism

every persons happiness counts the same regardless of their status in society or their relationship to the person acting

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Hypothetical Imperative

“if one wants X, then one should do Y, they are only “binding” on us if we have certain desires

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Categorical Imperative

imperatives of morality, this is binding no matter how you may feel, who you are, what the circumstances of a given situation are.