Philosophy Final

Moral Objectivism

There are objective moral truths that apply to all people regardless of culture or personal belief.

Moral Relativism

Moral truths are not universal; they depend on cultural or individual perspectives.

Moral Subjectivism.

Morality is based on individuals moral standards

Moral Cultural Relativism?

moral judgements are true or false relative to a persons culture

Utilitarianism according to Mill

a ethical theory that judges actions to be morally right to the extent that they maximize happiness, produce pleasure and prevent pain

Greatest Happiness Principle

an actions is the right one if it produces the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people.

major problem of Utilitarianism involving omniscience

We can't predict all consequences.

Utilitarianism relate to rights

It can justify violating individual rights for the majority's happiness.

main concern of injustice within Utilitarianism

It may lead to morally unjust outcomes (e.g., punishing an innocent person for social peace).

Deontology emphasize in Kantian Ethics

Ethics based on duty and rules, not consequences.

Good Will in Kantian Ethics.

a human will that acts out of respect for moral law

Universal Law formulation of the Categorical Imperative

Act only on a maxim you can will to be a universal law.

the Formula of Humanity

Treat others always as ends in themselves, never merely as means.

Divine Command Theory

Morality is determined by God’s commands; an act is right if God commands it.

Theistic Natural Law Theory

Morality is grounded in human nature and reason, as designed by God.

Theistic Viewpoint on the meaning of life.

Life’s meaning comes from God’s purpose for us.

Atheistic Existentialism's view on life's meaning

Life has no inherent meaning; it’s up to us to create meaning through our choices.

Sartre’s idea of 'Existence Precedes Essence'.

We exist first, then define ourselves through actions; there is no fixed human nature.

Camus' concept of The Absurd.

The conflict between our desire for meaning and a meaningless universe.

Beauvoir mean by 'Woman as The Other'?

Society defines woman in relation to man, denying her subjectivity.

Double Consciousness as described by W.E.B. Du Bois

The internal conflict African Americans feel from seeing themselves through their own eyes and through the lens of a racist society.

Hanson view the relationship between film and philosophy

Film can uniquely show self-deception visually, capturing how we lie to ourselves.

Russell's stance on film as a medium for philosophy

Film struggles with rigorous argumentation but can illustrate ideas; philosophy is better at precise logic.

Lutfiyya characterize films in relation to thought experiments

Films can resemble thought experiments but often lack clarity or focus.

definitions of Biographical Life as per Frowe

Life as a story with personal identity, goals, and meaning.

Consequentialism

actions are to be judged right or wrong solely on the basis of their consequences

Hedonism

no action is simply right or wrong in itself: right if it produces good consequences, bad if it produces bad consequences

Egalitarianism

every persons happiness counts the same regardless of their status in society or their relationship to the person acting

Hypothetical Imperative

“if one wants X, then one should do Y, they are only “binding” on us if we have certain desires

Categorical Imperative

imperatives of morality, this is binding no matter how you may feel, who you are, what the circumstances of a given situation are.