CSCS - Chapter 11 (Performance-Enhancing Substances and methods)

Ergogenic aid

Any substance, mechanical aid, or training method that improves sport performance

Athletes try to find a way to get an edge on the competition and improve sport performance

Dietary supplement

Highly refined products that would not be confused with a food

May not have any positive nutritional value

Not linked to FDA approval like drugs are for safety and effectiveness

- a vitamin

- a mineral

- an herb

- amino acid

- a dietary substance for use by humans to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake

- concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract or combination of any of the above ingredient

Anabolic Steroids

Synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone

Elevations in testosterone concentrations stimulate protein synthesis resulting in improvements in muscle size, body mass, and strength

Testosterone itself is a poor ergogenic aid

--> use derivatives

--> rapid degradation

Secretion of Testosterone

From leydig cells in testes

Smaller amounts from adrenal gland

Dosing

Stacking:

--> several drugs administered simultaneously

--> Potency of one anabolic agent may be enhanced when it is consumed simultaneously with another anabolic agent

Administer drugs in a * pyramid (step-up) pattern in which dosages are steadily increased over several weeks

--> towards the end, they will reduce the dosage to reduce the likelihood of negative side effects

Typical steroid regimen

3.1 agents x 5-10weeks

Athletic Performance (Anabolic Steroids)

Increases muscle mass, strength and athletic performance but changes depend on the training status of the individual

Strength gains for strength-trained athletes while using may be two or threefold higher than those typically seen in those not supplementing

Main oral type of dosing (Anabolic Steroids)

Dianabol (Methandrostenolone)

5mg/day for normal testosterone replacement

300mg/day for steroid use

Psychological Effects (Anabolic Steroids)

Associated with changes in aggression, arousal, and irritability

--> Mood swings, psychotic episodes

Increased aggressiveness may NOT be confined to athletic performance

Individuals who experience _________ and behavior changes recover when steroid use is discontinued

Adverse Effects (Anabolic Steroids)

Side effects are linked to abuse and are reversible upon cessation

Body Builders:

--> Disproportionate magnitude of use and incidence of __________

--> Consume several other drugs

(relieve some side effects, but potentiate risk factors)

Testosterone Precursors

Prohormones

--> precursors to the synthesis of other hormones to help produce that hormone

Performance changes may not occur with use

Put athlete at higher risk for experiencing adverse side effects similar to those associated with anabolic steroid use

--> lower HDL

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

When injected in men, can increase testicular endogenous testosterone production

Potential side effect of acromegaly

Insulin

Anabolic Hormone

Facilitates the uptake of glucose and amino acids into the cells

--> Leucine

Anti-catabolic effects of insulin

--> post-workout carbohydrate ingestion suppresses muscle protein breakdown

Potentiate GH and IGF

- Body builders

Serious potential for side effect of hypoglycemia

Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

Secreted by Anterior Pituitary gland

--> Stimulate bone and skeletal muscle growth

--> Helps maintain blood glucose levels

--> Stimulate the release of fatty acids from fat cells

Anabolic effect and decreased body fat

Adverse effects of HGH

Excess ______ after puberty causes acromegaly

--> Also doses used by athletes

Can lead to

--> Diabetes in prone individuals

--> Cardiovascular dysfunction

--> Muscle, joint and bone pain

--> Hypertension

--> Abnormal growth of organs

--> Accelerated osteoarthritis

Acromegaly

Disfiguring disease characterized by:

--> Widening of the bones

--> Arthritis

--> Organ enlargement

--> Metabolic abnormalities

Erythropoietin

produced in kidneys

Stimulates production of RBCs

--> injections are associated with elevations in both hematocrit and hemoglobin

Increased viscosity of blood (dangerous)

--> increased risk of blood clotting,

--> elevations in systolic blood pressure,

--> a compromised thermoregulatory system

--> dehydration during aerobic endurance events

B-Adrenergic Agonist

Chemically related to epinephrine (adrenal medulla)

Regulates:

Lipolysis

(breakdown of fat)

Thermogenesis

(increased energy expenditure resulting in production of heat)

Increase lean mass and decrease stored fat

(Ex: Clenbuterol)

Clenbuterol

B2 agonist

Increase lean mass, decrease subcutaneous

fat

Side Effects:

- Tremors

- Dizziness

- Heart palpitations

- Insomnia

B-Blockers

Block B-Adrenergic Agonist

Prevent Catecholamines from binding

(norepinephrine/epinephrine)

Reduce anxiety and tremors during performance

Ergolytic Effect

--> Reduce performance

Impair cardiovascular response to exercise

Essential Amino Acids (Dietary Supplement)

Not produced in body

Isoleucine

Leucine - most important

Valine

Lysine

Methionine

Phenylalanine

Threonine

Tryptophan

BCAAs

(isoleucine, *leucine, and valine)

--> Responsible for increasing muscle protein synthesis

BCAAs

Isoleucine

Leucine (most important)

Valine

Responsible for increasing muscle protein synthesis

Leucine

Branched-chain amino acid is the key regulator in stimulating muscle protein synthesis

Directly activates the Akt/mTOR pathway in skeletal muscle which is key pathway in skeletal muscle protein synthesis

Taken with protein can help stimulate muscle growth when compared to control group

Arginine

Claims:

--> Elevation in nitric oxide levels

--> Increase in muscle blood flow due to vasodilation

--> Improvement in exercise performance

Not effective for inducing nitric oxide or muscle blood flow in healthy individuals; does not improve endurance

Nitric Oxide

Causes Vasodilation

--> Widening of blood vessels

During exercise, ______ levels are increased

--> more blood flow through arteries and arterioles

--> to deliver oxygen and fuel substrates to working skeletal muscle

Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB)

Stimulates protein synthesis/decrease breakdown

--> inhibiting ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

Most effective when adequate training stimulus is provided

Untrained

Does not likely require high volume

Trained

High-Intensity, High volume needed for benefits w/ supplementation of ______

Muscle Buffering Capacity (MBC)

Ability to regulate Hydrogen concentration in skeletal muscle during high-intensity exercise

- B-alanine

- Sodium Bicarbonate

- Sodium Citrate

B-Alanine (Muscle Buffer)

Non-essential Amino Acid

Possible anaerobic threshold increases with supplementation

Smaller dosing to prevent adverse effects

--> paresthesia (tingling, pricking, numbness)

--> 3.2-6.4g/day

Sodium Bicarbonate (Muscle buffer)

Antacid

--> Neutralizes acid (low pH)

Supplementation increases pH of blood

Improve MBC and in turn high-intensity exercise performance

Min dosage 136mg/pound of BW 60-90 mins before activity

--> Increase short-duration/high intensity activities

Side effects:

--> nausea

--> vomiting

--> diarrhea

--> cramping

Sodium Citrate (Muscle buffer)

Once in blood, breaks down into Sodium Bicarbonate

Can increase blood pH and help regulate blood pH during high-intensity exercise

--> without gastrointestinal discomfort

L-Carnitine

May enhance recovery from exercise

- Decrease pain + muscle damage

- Decrease markers of metabolic stress

- Enhanced recovery

3g/day for 3 weeks

Creatine

Synthesized in Liver

Supply energy to all cells in the body

Ability to rapidly rephosphorylate ADP

--> Dependent on the enzyme creatine kinase

--> Availability of creatine phosphate (CP) within the muscle

Supplementation will increase the creatine content of muscles by approximately 20%

--> but there is a saturation limit

Significant ergogenic benefits

Creatine Supplementation

Loading

20-25g/day x 5 days

Maintenance

2g/day

Increases:

- max power

- lean body mass

Prolonged Creatine Supplementation

Generally associated with increases in body weight

especially increases in fat-free mass

studies consistently show significant ergogenic benefits and is safe and relatively inexpensive

Caffeine

CNS stimulant

3-9mg/kg BW

- around 60 mins before

No benefits when >9mg/kg

--> greater risk of side effects

--> 5g (lethal dose)

Better performance effects if ingested in pure pill form

Adverse effects of Caffeine

- anxiety

- gastrointestinal

disturbances

- restlessness

- insomnia

- tremors

- heart arrhythmias

- increases risk for heat illness

- addiction

Pre-workout energy drinks

Effective for increasing resistance training volume performance

Safety issues related to excessive caffeine intake

--> Effects same as caffeine

Ephedrine

Widely used for temporary relief from the symptoms of bronchial asthma, bronchitis, allergies, shortness of breath, cold and flu symptoms

Effective only when it is taken in combination with caffeine

Improves aerobic endurance performance due to thermogenesis

Plant name "Ma Huang" (Ephedra)

FDA BANNED

Citrus Aurantium

" Bitter Orange " - found in fruits

Thought to contribute to appetite suppression, increased metabolic rate, and lipolysis

--> Treat digestive problems

When combined with caffeine and other herbal products, can significantly improvements in time to fatigue

Banned from NCAA

An athlete who is an archer is struggling with anxiety prior to his performance, which is also causing his hands and body to shake. Which of the following would be the most ideal ergogenic aid to help him with these issues?

Beta-Blockers

A marathon runner is looking to improve her time to fatigue and ability to run longer distances. A combination of which supplements would best help her to achieve these goals?

caffeine, citrus aurantium, and erythropoietin

Which of the following substances should the strength and conditioning professional suspect an athlete is taking if the athlete is experiencing tremors, dizziness, heart palpitations, and insomnia?

Clenbuterol

Beta-Blockers....

Decreased oxygen consumption

Which of the following is the purported ergogenic effect of oral supplementation of arginine?

Increased muscle blood flow

Which Dietary Supplements is (are) considered a stimulant?

Caffeine

Citrus Aurantium

Products that can be sold as dietary supplements (picture)

Types of Anabolic Steroids used by Athletes (picture)

Signs and symptoms of Ergogenic Aid Abuse (picture)

Role of leucine in muscle protein synthesis (picture)

Summary of Ergogenic and Non-ergogenic Dietary Supplements and their applications (picture)