Church History Final Exam Pt 1

Where did the Black Plague originate? How many people died? Who was affected the most? Life span?

• Central Asia and spread west into Europe though Italian ports

• 50%-60%

• Crowded Urban Cities

• 2-7 days

What was the impact of the Black Death on the Church?

Religious faith was shaken badly, they believed it was Divine Punishment and many groups were organized to appease God’s wrath

Who was accused of starting the Black Death?

The jews were accused of poisoning wells

What were the threats to the Church during the transition from medieval to modern?

• Renaissance

• Rise of Nations/Nationalism

• Translation of the Bible

• Personal Faith

• Calling out Corruption

What characterized Renaissance Humanism?

• value/dignity of humans as individuals

• emphasis on the human mind/reason

• main concern: human soul

• Studying scripture in original language

Who was Erasmus?

the most impactful Christian humanist of the age

What did Erasmus do?

• Critical to the Church publicly

• Called from Reform through education

• “learned piety” = self improvement

• Published a Greek NT in 1516

What caused Erasmus to break with Luther after corresponding with him for so long?

Issues over unity and free will

What was the emphasis of the Renaissance?

beauty, aesthetics, and please

General features of the Renaissance?

• feudalism/serfdom disappearing

• towns and cities

• less agriculture

• appearance of a middle class

• anthro-pocentric

• freedom of conscience

• living a secular life

What became a threat to the Catholic Church during the Renaissance?

• challenged the pope’s universal jurisdiction

• monarch’s wanting control of their lands

• nobles resisting papal taxes/land grabs

• “state churches” popping up

What was England’s Magna Carta?

Putting limits on the power of Monarchs and the idea that you needed the consent of the governed

Was the Magna Carta accepted by the Catholic Church? Outcomes?

No, Pope Innocent 3rd issued a papal bull nullifying it, which English Barons rejected it.

What were the Waldensians?

Made by Peter Waldo, it was the idea of the untrained and unauthorized preaching to the poor; it promoted the ability to read the scriptures for yourself and scripture was the sole authority

What happened to the Waldensians?

After making their own ‘ecclesiology’, they were excommunicated by the catholic church but this did not stop them from preaching, where they suffered greatly in the crusades

Who was John Wycliffe

A respected Oxford Scholar

What did John Wycliffe do in regards to the church?

• Called for reform early on: immoral clergy, corruption through land and property

• Opposed church dogma: papal authority, scriptures should be more important , structure of the church, transubstantiation

What is John Wycliffe known for?

Translating the Bible into Early English from the Vulgate

What were the “Lollards” and this type of preaching?

Evangelical preaching throughout England, anti-clerical, and wanted personal poverty, piety, and simplicity

Who made Lollard preaching punishable by death?

Parliament

The Fall of Constantinople was…

a huge blow to Christendom - ended 1,100+ years of the eastern empire

What were the political causes of the Reformation?

Nations and Nationalism

What were economic cause of the Reformation?

Greed and Financial Abuse

What were the intellectual cause of the Reformation?

Humanistic Spirit

What were the moral cause of the reformation?

Corruption in the church

What were the social cause of the Reformation?

Rise of a middle class

What were theological cause of the Reformation?

Authority - church or scripture and Justification - how is one made right with God?

What was the reformation launched by?

Spiritual Abuse/Selling Indulgences

What was Martin Luther studying?

He was heading into law

What order did Martin Luther join?

the Augustinian Order

What did Martin Luther do when he posted the 95 Theses?

He was inviting debate

Who does Martin Luther debate?

Johann Eck

Martin Luther’s Excommunication:

• Pope Leo issues a papal bull against Luther’s teaching

• 60 days later he’s excommunicated and his works burned publicly

• Luther responds by publicly burn the papal bull

What did Martin Luther propose about the Churches ‘Three Walls’

• Spiritual/Temporal division

• Pope’s exclusive right to interpret

Scripture

• Pope’s authority to convene councils

What does Martin Luther address to German Nobility

• Clerical celibacy

• Indulgences

• Veneration of relics

• Papal interference in secular German

matters

What was Luther’s Babylonian Captivity of Church

o Critique of the sacramental system

o The Pope holds believers “captive”

through an unbiblical sacramental

theology

o Only 2 are biblical—not 7

o Opposed transubstantiation

Christ

o Advocated for Communion “in both

kinds”

Who was Martin Luther’s supporter

Frederick of Saxony

Who was Frederick of Saxony?

Co-founded the University of Wittenberg

Renaissance man

Protector of his university and Luther as his controversial professor

1521 The Diet of Worms is called by Emperor Charles, what happens with Luther?

He was promised safety to and back from the meeting, he was cross-examined by Eck and asked to recant. Luther is declared an outlaw subject to death, kidnapped by Frederick’s men and secretly taken to Wartburg Castle

Where does Martin Luther translate the NT into German

At Wartburg Castle

Who were the Zwickau Prophets and why were they a problem:

• Three charismatic proto-Anabaptists

• Believed in direct revelation

• Rejected infant baptism

• Emphasis on the Apocalypse

• Wanted state churches

• Luther brought out of Wartburg to

confront these ideas

• Later, the Lutherans and Anabaptists

had no unity

What was the Peasants Revolt and Luther’s stance on the events?

Peasant class had long-standing grievances, seeing Luther as an anti-authority figure who could push change, they started plundering and seizing churches/monasteries. Over 100,000 peasants were kill by Nobels who fought back. Luther took the sides of the Nobels and demanded order

Who was Luther Married to?

Katherine Von Bora

What view did Erasmus take on Salvation?

a synergistic view of salvation

What view did Luther take on Salvation?

a monergistic view of salvation