CS FINALS REVIEWER

Internet

Internet

the go-to place for information, communication, banking, shopping, media and entertainment, and so much more.

History of the Internet (dates)

1957, 1969, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 21st century

1957

launch of Sputnik, development of Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)

1969

first ever message sent through ARPANET, UCLA sent “log in” but Stanford only received “lo”. Only four computers were connected to the ARPANET

1970s

Ray Tomlinson created the first electronic mail (email). first computer-to-computer chat happened with Liza and Parry. First use of the term Internet.

1980s

Governments and universities all around the world started researching and implementing their networks.

1990s

ARPANET shut down. Tim Berners-Lee invented World Wide Web. Surfing the internet coined. First item ordered online was a pizza. Yahoo and Google were born

21st century

The 21st Century is known to be the decade when social networking sites emerged.

TCP/IP

Rules of communication for computers.

Packets

small pieces of information transmitted over a network

Transfer Control Protocol (TCP)

Transfer Control Protocol (TCP) breaks large packets into smaller ones.

Internet protocol (IP)

Internet Protocol (IP) addresses and routes packets.

IP Addresses

used by IP to identify destinations

Domain Name System (DNS)

allows the use of alphanumeric characters instead of numbers for IP addresses. (google.com/120.28.5.177)

Servers

machines that hold shared resources and always connected to the network.

Clients

machines for personal use that request a page from the server.

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

assigns domain names, IP addresses, protocol parameters, and port numbers.

World Wide Web

collection of interconnected documents and other web resources. just a service that runs on the Internet.

Internet vs internet

Internet is an electronic communications network that connects computer networks globally. “internet” is still a computer network, but is not connected to the Internet

ISP

Internet service provider

Types of Internet access technologies

Dial up and broadband

Dial-up

uses a modem and a phone call to connect, one of the slowest methods of accessing the Internet

Broadband

wide bandwidth, most used form of Internet access

Types of broadband

DSL, Cable connection, Fiber optic, Satellite, Mobile broadband

DSL

Digital Subscriber Line, utilizes unused telephone wires.

Cable connection

delivers data over the same cable used to deliver television data.

Fiber Optic

uses light to transmit data signals; fastest

Satellite

uses orbiting satellites to transmit and receive data

Mobile Broadband

wireless broadband technology accessible via smart devices (most used in the Philippines)

Types of Internet browsers

Opera, Safari, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet explorer, Microsoft Edge

The golden rule

Do unto others online as you would have done to you.

Cyberbullying

repeated use of the online platform to embarrass, strip dignity, sow fear, and incite violence against another person.

Not cyberbullying

express thoughts about a person, an incident, or an opinion

Three types of attack

Attack on reputation, attack on appearance, attack on victim’s opinion

Attack on reputation

Attacks on their reputation and branding (Leni Robredo, “Robredo Branding”)

Attack on appearance

Attacks on how someone looks (Nancy Binay, skin color)

Attack on victim’s opinion

Attacks on victim’s views and values (Senator Bong Go, Duterte)

Three manners of attack

Spreading edited images, spreading private videos, spreading lies

Trolling

act of triggering people on the Internet by starting arguments, posting off-topic messages, or provoking negative response.

Personal Information

any and all forms of data that identify an individual

Data Privacy Act 2012

states that the collection of personal data “must be a declared, specified, and legitimate purpose”. Also states such data must be “freely given, specific, and informed”.

Online Privacy

ability to control what information you share, who can see what you share, and what others can do with it

Digital Footprint

collected information about an individual across multiple websites

Surfing

go from one website to another in search of information of interest

Website

Set of related web pages served from a single web domain. Websites are accessible through URL

URL

the global address of a website. Consists of protocol, server name, path/filename, and anchors

Protocol

set of rules and formats for information exchange. Consists of HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP

HTTP

hypertext transfer protocol

HTTPS

hypertext transfer protocol secure

FTP

file transfer protocol

Server name

Internet address of the web server, right after protocol

Path/filename

folder and filename, after server name

Anchors

bookmarks within an HTML file (#)

Phishing

act of attempting to acquire information by masquerading as a trustworthy entity

Tags

used to implement html elements

Opening tag

has only brackets <…>

Closing tag

has a bracket followed by a forward slash and closed with another bracket </…>

Self-closing tag

opens and closes with one tag <tagname/>

1990

Tim Berners-Lee created the first Web Browser, the World Wide Web

Tim Berners-Lee

creator of first web browser

Mosiac

first web browser

HTML 1

1993, Tim Berners-Lee linked documents with hypertext; HTML was intended as platform-independent

HTML 5

established guidelines stating the adding of new features based on HTML, CSS, the DOM structure, and JavaScript standards; HTML became device-independent

Creating an HTML document

1. Decide how your files will be organized

2. Decide on a naming convention and be consistent with it (kebab-case, CamelCase, snake_case)

3. Decide on a text editor

Document Object Model (DOM)

provides a common tree-like structure; shows the structure of tags

Document type

<!DOCTYPE html> is written at the start of an HTML document

HTML element

<html> . . . </html> is used to tell the browser uses HTML
        – has an attribute lang meaning language

Head element

includes information mostly invisible to the user
        > has the metadata, language, title, and supporting files
        > metadata tells the used character set/keywords/author/etc

Title element

  – declared inside the head
  – output is displayed on top of the browser
  – uses <title> . . . </title>

Body element

   – contains all displayed content on the screen
  – anything not on the body will NOT be displayed

Display

– contains the design elements
-either block, inline or inline-block

Inline

only takes up as much space as needed; ex: <span>, <a>, <img>

Block

can take up screen’s whole width and height ex. <div>, <h1>-<h6>, <p>, <header>, <footer>, <section>

Inline-block

formatted like an inline; modifications are allowed

Headings

- subsections; appear nested in the outline

– block elements that create a new line for the next elements

- h1 is the largest, h6 is the smallest

Paragraph

– block element that should only contain inline elements
        – body can have multiple paragraphs, but paragraphs cannot be declared inside one another
        – uses <p> . . . </p>

Divider

– generic section larger than a paragraph

– multiple dividers can be declared inside dividers

– uses <div> . . . </div>

Horizontal rule

– a partition that indicated a thematic break

– a self-closing tag, uses <hr>

Line breaks

– “breaks” a line and starts a new one

– a self-closing tag, uses <br>

Coding practices

• use comment

• declare <DOCTYPE! html>

• type in lowercase for elements

• close all elements

• use indentation

Ordered list

        – lists whose items are denoted by a number or letter
        – uses <ol> . . . </ol>

Unordered list

        – lists whose items are denoted by bullet points or icons
        – uses <ul> . . . </ul>

Nested list

ordered/unoredered lists inside one another (make sure to use <li> and </li> and close the lists with the one inside going first>

Attributes

– provide additional information about an element
        – always specified in the opening tag
- use “type =” and always put the attribute in quotes

Special entities

typing these out in a paragraph or in <span> will still be okay but code might get confused

Details

        – adds a paragraph of information that can be opened
        – uses <details> . . . </details>

Summary

        – what appears when details is clicked
        – uses <summary> . . . </summary>

Span

– inline tag for a plain text

Subscript

        – transforms text into a subscript 
        – e.g. O₂

Superscript

        – transforms text into a superscript 
        – e.g. 2²

Text-heavy pages

        – they are like “lite” versions of websites
        – they dwell less on images and visual aids

HTML images

        – used to insert images on the screen
        – written as <img> (self-closing tag)
        – carry two important attributes, src (source) and alt (alternative text)
        – support .svg, .gif, .bmp, .png, .jpg, and .jpeg

src

the file name and the file type, displays the SOURCE of the image (the picture)

alt

displays a brief description of the image proper just in case there are any errors or it cant load

Icons

    – used instead of texts
    – goal is to signify a common object that is universally understandable
    – some appear on browser tab or browser’s main body
    – e.g. home icon for home page, bell icon for notifications

Favicons

        – icons displayed in the browser’s tab
        –  has attributes rel =“icon” (for relation) and type =“image/png”
        – goes between <head> . . . </head>
– not displayed in Trinket

href vs. src

href (hyper-reference) is like the src, but href is generally used for HTML elements, whereas src is for the non-HTML elements

Font Awesome

        – a collection of icons used by developers for free
        – the icons are recognizable worldwide

To use Font Awesome in your code, the Content Delivery Network (CDN) should be linked in the head and the <i> tag should be declared in the body.

Copyright

“legal protection extended to the owner of the rights in an original work.”

Creative commons

license created for content creators to allow as many people to see, use, and share their work as possible