AAS 100 - Midterm SDSU

Matthew C. Perry

A. Sailed to Edo in 1853 (Edo is modern-day Tokyo, Japan)

B. "Open" Japan to Westerners--Navigation, trade, and diplomatic relations

C. Sign "unequal" treaties with the US (1854)

People vs. Hall

-The California Supreme Court established that Chinese Americans and Chinese immigrants had no right to testify against white citizens.

A. 1853 George Hall was convicted for the murder of a Chinese.

B. 1854 the California Supreme Court reversed the conviction. Native Americans had originally crossed the Bering Straits from Asia, so they were "Asiatics." Because the 1850 act barred Native American testimony, it applied to "the whole of the Mongolian race."

C. The ban against Chinese testimony was written into the statute books in 1863.

D. Repealed in 1872.

The Rocks Springs Riot

The Rock Springs Riot of 1885 was a violent conflict in Rock Springs, Wyoming, between white miners and Chinese immigrant miners. Sparked by economic competition and racial tensions, the riot occurred on September 2, resulting in the deaths of at least 28 Chinese miners and the destruction of homes and businesses. Local authorities failed to intervene effectively, leading to widespread fear and displacement among the Chinese community. This incident highlighted the intense anti-Chinese sentiment in the U.S. and contributed to restrictive immigration policies in subsequent years. White men blamed the Chinese for taking their jobs.

United States vs. Wong Kim Ark (1898)

Significance: Determined the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted birthright citizenship to all persons born in the United States regardless of race or nationality.

United States v. Wong Kim Art (1898)—14th Amendment awarded citizenship to children of Chinese immigrants born on American soil.

A. Was born in San Francisco in 1873

B. Went to China in 1889 and returned in 1890.

C. Went to China again in 1894 but was denied entry in 1895.

Chinese Exclusion Act

-Passed in 1882: The Act was the first significant law to restrict immigration based on nationality in the U.S.

-Targeted Chinese Laborers: It specifically barred Chinese laborers from immigrating to the U.S. for 10 years.

-Economic and Racial Motivations: The law was driven by economic competition and rising anti-Chinese sentiment during the late 19th century.

-Extension and Permanence: The Act was extended in 1892 with the Geary Act and made permanent in 1902.

-Impact on Chinese Residents: It denied citizenship to Chinese residents and led to significant discrimination and violence against Chinese communities.

-Repeal in 1943: The Act was finally repealed during World War II as the U.S. sought to strengthen ties with China against Japan.

Foreign Miners Tax (1852)

• Aimed at Chinese miners.

1. Paid three dollars a month (Chinese only made 6 dollars a month)

2. Real and fake tax collectors threatened and killed Chinese miners.

3. Repealed in 1870.

4. Generated one-quarter of the state revenues.

President Roosevelt Warns against anti-Japanese racism

He warns against anti-Japanese racism because he believes that they are equals. States that counties bordering the Pacific Ocean make up a large amount of foreign commerce. Japan should be able to have equal opportunities and wants to grant them alien rights.

Alien Land Law (1913)

1. Purpose: The law aimed to restrict land ownership by "aliens ineligible for citizenship," primarily targeting Japanese immigrants in California.

2. Prohibition of Land Ownership: It prohibited non-citizens from owning land, effectively barring Japanese immigrants from purchasing property.

3. Lease Restrictions: The law allowed some leasing but imposed restrictions on the duration of leases, limiting them to three years.

4. Discrimination: It was part of a broader wave of anti-Asian sentiment and legislation during the early 20th century in the U.S.

5. Legal Evasion: Many Japanese immigrants used intermediaries, often American citizens, to circumvent the law and continue land ownership.

6. Amendments: The law was amended in 1920 and 1923 to strengthen restrictions and further limit land ownership by Japanese individuals.

7. Impact on Communities: The law significantly impacted Japanese agricultural communities, leading to economic hardship and contributing to their marginalization.

Scott Act of 1888

-Denied re-entry to migrant workers

-Only allowed merchants, diplomats, scholars

1. Extension of the Chinese Exclusion Act: It amended the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, further restricting Chinese immigration.

2. Prohibition of Re-entry: The Act specifically prohibited Chinese laborers who had left the U.S. from re-entering, even if they had previously obtained legal documentation.

3. Impact on Chinese Communities: This restriction significantly impacted Chinese families and communities, separating many members from their loved ones.

4. Exceptions: Some exemptions were made for certain categories, such as diplomats and merchants, but these were limited.

5. Continuation of Discrimination: The Scott Act contributed to the ongoing discrimination and marginalization of Chinese immigrants in the U.S.

Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)

1. Informal Agreement: The Gentlemen's Agreement was not a formal treaty but an informal arrangement between the United States and Japan (Also Included Koreans).

2. Purpose: It aimed to address growing tensions over Japanese immigration to the U.S., particularly in California.

3. Limiting Immigration: Japan agreed to limit the emigration of Japanese laborers to the U.S. in exchange for the U.S. agreeing to stop discriminatory practices against Japanese immigrants already in the country.

4. Recognition of Existing Residents: The agreement allowed Japanese immigrants already in the U.S. to maintain their rights and avoid segregation.

5. Response to Racial Tensions: The arrangement was a response to anti-Japanese sentiment and riots in California, reflecting both nations' desire to avoid conflict.

6. Impact on Japanese Immigration: While it reduced the number of Japanese laborers entering the U.S., it did not halt immigration entirely.

Takao Ozawa v. United States (1922)

1. Background: Takao Ozawa was a Japanese immigrant who applied for U.S. citizenship, arguing that he was racially "white" under the Naturalization Act of 1906.

2. Legal Argument: Ozawa contended that, despite being of Japanese descent, he should be considered "white" because of his assimilation into American culture and his English fluency.

3. Supreme Court Ruling: The Supreme Court unanimously ruled against Ozawa, stating that only individuals of Caucasian descent could be classified as "white" under the law.

4. Racial Determination: The Court emphasized a biological and racial understanding of "whiteness," which excluded Asian individuals, regardless of their assimilation.

5. Impact on Citizenship: The decision reinforced existing racial barriers to naturalization for Asian immigrants, effectively denying citizenship to many.

6. Dissenting Opinion: The ruling highlighted the contradictions in U.S. immigration and citizenship laws, leading to ongoing debates about race and nationality.

United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923)

1. Background: Bhagat Singh Thind, an Indian Sikh, sought U.S. citizenship based on his argument that he was racially "white" according to the scientific understanding of race at the time.

-Naturalization Act of 1906: Thind's case was centered around the Naturalization Act, which allowed citizenship for "free white persons."

2. Supreme Court Ruling: The Supreme Court ruled against Thind, stating that "white" was defined by common societal understanding, not scientific classification, thus excluding Indians from citizenship.

4. Cultural Considerations: The Court emphasized that despite Thind's claim of being "Caucasian," the general perception of the time considered Indians as non-white.

5. Legal Precedent: The decision reinforced racial barriers to naturalization, maintaining the exclusion of Asian immigrants from U.S. citizenship.

Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934)

1. Independence Timeline: It provided for the gradual independence of the Philippines after a 10-year transition period.

2. Commonwealth Status: During the transition, the Philippines would be governed as a commonwealth, allowing for self-government.

3. Immigration Restrictions: The act limited immigration from the Philippines to 50 individuals per year, significantly reducing the flow of Filipino immigrants to the U.S.

4. Impact on Citizenship: It stripped Filipinos of U.S. nationality, creating legal uncertainty for those living in the U.S. at the time.

5. Economic Factors: The restrictions were influenced by economic concerns during the Great Depression, as labor competition heightened anti-Asian sentiment.

6. Date of Independence: The act set July 4, 1946, as the formal date for Philippine independence.

Yick Wo v. Hopkins (1886)

1. Background: Yick Wo, a Chinese immigrant, operated a laundry in San Francisco. He was convicted for not having a permit required by a city ordinance that targeted laundries in wooden buildings.

2. Discriminatory Enforcement: The ordinance was applied selectively, with nearly all permits granted to white-owned businesses while Chinese-owned laundries were denied.

3. Legal Challenge: Yick Wo appealed his conviction, arguing that the ordinance violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

4. Supreme Court Ruling: The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Yick Wo, stating that the law, though facially neutral, was applied in a discriminatory manner.

5. Impact on Equal Protection: The decision reinforced the principle that laws must be applied equally and that discriminatory enforcement violates the Equal Protection Clause.

6. Precedent for Civil Rights: Yick Wo v. Hopkins is considered a landmark case in civil rights law, setting a precedent for challenging discriminatory laws and practices.

7. Significance: The ruling underscored the importance of protecting minority rights and contributed to the broader struggle for civil rights in the United States

Fong Yue Ting v. United States (1893)

-The 14th Amendment did not apply to non-citizens so they are allowed to discriminate and deport people not from the U.S.

1. Background: The case involved Fong Yue Ting, a Chinese immigrant who had been detained and denied reentry into the U.S. after returning from a visit to China.

2. Legal Issue: Fong argued that his detention violated the Chinese Exclusion Act and his rights under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment.

3. Supreme Court Ruling: The Supreme Court upheld the government's authority to deport Chinese immigrants without a formal hearing, ruling that Congress had the power to exclude and deport non-citizens.

4. Due Process Interpretation: The Court concluded that due process protections did not extend to non-citizens in the same way they applied to citizens.

5. Impact on Immigration Law: The ruling reinforced the government's ability to enforce immigration laws and deport individuals without stringent legal protections.

Komgata Maru (1914)

-The boat used to challenge/protest the "Continuous Journey" immigration law of 1908

Canada—5,200 Indian immigrants between 1900 and 1910.

1. Passed "Continuous Journey" immigration law (1908)•

2. Gurdit Singh lived in Hong Kong and chartered Komgata Maru in May 1914 to challenge the law.

3. The Ship picked up 376 passengers—Hong Kong (165), Shanghai (73), Moji (124), Yokohama (14), and then to Victoria and Vancouver.

4. Could not land. British refused to help.

5. The ship had to sail away after two months because of the Canadian authority.

6. The endeavor cost them $70,000.

7. The event aroused the sympathy of Asian Indians all along the Pacific Coast and awakened them to the connection between their powerlessness as a people and their mistreatment as immigrants.

Chang-ho Ahn

-First married Korean couple to legally immigrate to the United States

-One of the leaders of the Korean Independence movement against Japan

1. Believed in salvation through spiritual renewal, which should be gained through education.

2. Established Chinmok-hoe (the Friendship Society) in San Francisco Chinatown in 1903, the first Korean organization on the Mainland.

3. Established Hung Sa Dang (Young Koreans Academy), 1913—the organization was nonpolitical but many members were active in the Korean National Association.

4. Went to Shanghai and served as the secretary of the Interior and later the secretary of Labor for the government-in-exile.

5. Japanese police arrested him in 1935 and he died three years later after he was released from jail.

6. Hung San Dan continued to be active for a decade.

Ghadar Party

1. Was an organization founded by mostly Punjabis of the United States and Canada in June 1913, with an aim to liberate India from British rule. It published a newspaper. Ghadar means "revolution" or "mutiny" in Urdu/Punjabi.

2. Har Dayal

A. Hindu intellectuals refused a scholarship to study at Oxford University to protest British education policies in India.

B. Came to the US in 1911. Taught briefly at Stanford. Became secretary for the San Francisco Radical Club and founded the Ghadar Party and the newspaper.

C. His radical rhetoric alarmed immigration officials and was arrested in 1914. He jumped bail and went to Europe

3. Ram Chandra--was a Hindu and became an editor after Dayal. The newspaper was widely distributed in the US, Canada, Hong Kong, Japan, the Philippines, Malaya, Singapore, British Guiana, Trinidad, Honduras, South Africa, East Africa, and India. The Party relied on spontaneous uprisings to achieve its goal.

Young-man Park

1. Immigration Advocacy: Park was involved in advocating for the rights of Korean immigrants in the United States, highlighting the challenges they faced, such as discrimination and the struggle for social acceptance.

2. Cultural Contributions: He worked to promote Korean culture and heritage within the broader Asian American narrative, helping to foster a sense of community among Korean Americans.

3. Political Engagement: Park was active in political movements that sought to address the injustices faced by Asian Americans, contributing to broader civil rights efforts during a time of significant social change in the U.S.

- Helped understand the impact of injustices against Korean Americans and the U.S. Korean Relations

A. Independence through military means.

B. Graduated from the University of Nebraska in 1909.

C. Set up five different military academies in Nebraska, California, Kansas, and Wyoming to train Korean cadets.

D. Went to Hawaii in 1912 to take charge of the military training centers supported by the Korean National Association.

E. Went to Shanghai in 1919 and served as the minister of Foreign Affairs but left after Syngman Rhee became the president.

F. Went to Manchuria to train Korean youth until he was assassinated in 1928.

Nationalistas

1. Manuel Quezon—played a lead role in getting Congress to pass the Jones Act and the Tydings-McDuffie Act—1934.•

2. Sergio Osmena-rival of Quezon

• Supporting Hawes-Cutting Independence bill (1933)—was passed by Congress in 1932 but vetoed by President Hoover. Congress then overrode the veto on January 17, 1933.--promised Philippine independence after 10 years, but reserved several military and naval bases for the United States, as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports. It also required the Philippine Senate to ratify the law.

Quezon urged the Philippine Senate to reject the bill, which it did.

Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934)—similar to Hawes-Cutting Bill. It was ratified by the Philippine Senate.

The Philippines was granted independence on July 4, 1946.

A. Founding and Ideology: Established in 1907, the Nationalist Party aimed to promote Philippine independence from American colonial rule. They advocated for nationalism, social reform, and the rights of Filipinos.

B. Political Influence: The party became a dominant political force, especially during the American colonial period. It united various factions advocating for Philippine self-governance and represented the interests of the Filipino elite and middle class.

C. Independence Movement: The Nationalistas were instrumental in the push for independence, engaging in legislative efforts and protests against colonial policies.

Syngman Rhee

• The first Korean to receive a Ph.D. from an American university (Princeton).

Used diplomacy to achieve Korean independence.

• Went to Hawaii in 1913 to become the principal of the Korean Community School

• Started a church, a newspaper, and Tongji-hoe (Comrade Society) to cultivate his power base.

• Although as the president of the provisional government, he divided his time between Hawaii and Washington, D.C. to lobby for Korean Independence.

• Invited by American occupation forces back to Korea and served as an advisor after WWII.

• The first president of the Republic of Korea and remained in power until he was ousted by student demonstrations in 1960.

Tape vs. Hurley (1884)

1. Background: The case involved a Chinese American student, Mamie Tape, who was denied admission to a public school in San Francisco because of her race.

2. Legal Challenge: Tape's father, Joseph Tape, filed a lawsuit against the school board, arguing that the exclusion violated California's laws regarding education and equal treatment.

3. Supreme Court Ruling: The California Supreme Court ruled in favor of Tape, stating that the school board's actions were discriminatory and violated the state law mandating that public schools be open to all children.

4. Significance of the Ruling: The court emphasized that the law did not permit discrimination based on race, and that education was a fundamental right for all children.

5. Impact on Education: The ruling was a landmark decision that set a precedent for the rights of minority students in public education and challenged the legality of racial discrimination in schools.

Senator Albert Beveridge Champions Philippine Colonization (1900)

Senator Albert Beveridge calls for Philippine colonization because he sees it as a big financial opportunity, rich land, closer to the east, claims the Philippine citizens aren't capable of taking advantage of their location.

Chinese leader urges Asian unity (1917)

A Chinese leader urged Asian unity to fight back against imperialism, claiming that India, Japan, and China would not have been who they are without each other

Hee Kyung (1919)

In March 1919, the Korean Declaration of Independence was proclaimed, sparking nationwide demonstrations known as the March 1st Movement. Hee Kyung actively participated in these protests, advocating for Korea's sovereignty and the end of Japanese oppression. His involvement exemplified the broader efforts of many Koreans to unite for independence, often risking their lives and freedoms in the process.

The movement gained international attention and helped galvanize support for Korean independence both domestically and abroad, laying the groundwork for future resistance efforts. Hee Kyung's participation underscores the role of youth and activists in the struggle for Korean self-determination during this pivotal era.

Indian immigrants claims group is assimilable (1914)

Indian Immigrants claim they are not a threat by saying, they are great spenders, not related to the "Chinese Stock", they have unskilled labor, they are part of the Aryan family, they are clean people, they've surrendered to the U.S. customs.

US Commissioner General of Immigration Says Indian immigrants are unassimilable (1914)

Claims that they cannot assimilate because they come from a tropical climate, their customs are so unlike "normal people", they are a threat to the labor force, a threat to economic culture, and they are not whom they say they are.

Voting Restrictions

- From 1879 to 1926, California's constitution stated that "no native of China" shall ever exercise the privileges of an elector in the state". Similar provisions appeared in the constitutions of Oregon and Idaho.

Page Law (1875)

A. forbade Chinese women to immigrate—the governments suspected all women of being prostitutes.

B. Only 1,340 Chinese women were admitted between 1875 and 1882.

C. It destroyed the possibility of forming the Chinese American community.

Anna May Wong

Anna May Wong (1905-1961) was a pioneering Chinese American actress and one of the first Asian Americans to gain recognition in Hollywood. Born in Los Angeles to immigrant parents, she began her career in the silent film era and became known for her striking beauty and talent.

Wong faced significant challenges due to racial discrimination in the film industry, which often relegated Asian characters to stereotypical roles. Despite these obstacles, she became a prominent figure, appearing in films such as "The Toll of the Sea" (1922) and "Shanghai Express" (1932) alongside major stars like Marlene Dietrich. China disapproved of her for giving them a bad image.

Wong was also a vocal advocate for better representation of Asians in media and sought to break down racial barriers. Throughout her career, she worked in both American and international films, becoming an icon in cinema and fashion.

Second Generation Asian Americans

A. School segregation

B. barred from public recreational facilities such as swimming pools and forced to sit at the back of movie theaters

C. Job—very few college graduates could find jobs commensurate with their education and training opportunities in mainstream jobs forcing them to return to the ethnic enclaves and work with their fathers and uncles.

Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)

Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)—formed in 1929

A. Their position was to be loyal to American ideals which they understood to be individualism, free enterprise, and the ownership of private property.

B. As loyal Americans, they never criticized racism, although they worked hard to challenge discriminatory laws.

C. They successfully obtained naturalization rights for some 500 Issei veterans of World War I in 1935. In 1918, Congress passed a law that allowed people who served in WWI to become citizens. In 1925, the Supreme Court ruled that only whites and African Americans were eligible for citizenship.

D. Helped to get the Cable Act of 1922 repealed in 1936. The Cable Act allowed American women to retain their citizenship after marriage but not any female citizen who married an alien ineligible to citizenship.

Naturalization of Asian Veterans of World War I

The naturalization of Asian veterans of WWI was supported based on moral facts. How could one be deprived of citizenship after receiving it? It was not in the intention of Congress to extend special privileges beyond non-white and African Americans, anyone else is illegal.

A Japanese veteran argues that they served the united states just like all the other soldiers who gained citizenship, claims Japanese law states that once you pledge allegiance to another country you are no longer part of Japan.

Asiatic Exclusion League

1. Formation: Established in 1905 in San Francisco, the league was formed in response to growing anti-Asian sentiment in the United States.

2. Primary Goal: The main objective was to advocate for the exclusion of Asian immigrants, particularly targeting Chinese, Japanese, and other Asian groups.

3. Legislative Influence: The league played a significant role in lobbying for restrictive immigration laws, including the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and the Immigration Act of 1924.

4. Racial Ideology: Members promoted the idea of racial superiority, claiming that Asian immigrants posed a threat to American labor, culture, and society.

Racial Capitalism

"the process of deriving social and economic value from the racial identity of another person typically a person of color; however, a person of any race might engage in racial capitalism, as might an institution dominated by one particular race" (Cedric J. Robinson)

Ex: Monetary benefits from slavery

Techno-Orientalism

"ideology of yellow peril set within a techno-Orientalist imaginary is powerfully animating the racial form and racial effect mediating the multiple terrains of public health, technology, global trade, and national security." (Siu and Chun, 423)

Anxieties about China, spyware, military and industrial power

According to Ronald Takaki, how did the introduction of sugar plantations transform the population of the islands?

Main Claim: According to Ronal Takaki, the introduction of sugar plantations transformed the culture and demographics of the islands.

1. The sugar plantations were a highly profitable business that affected the economy, changing the customs of Hawaii's population.

ex: William Hopper offered regular wages, free housing, and food which was irresistible to island natives.

2. The search for productive labor changed the population of the islands since many plantation owners brought in additional labor from Asian countries.

ex: the demographics of the islands by the 1920s had around 50% Japanese while native's only 15% of natives made up the population.

2. According to Elizabeth Sinn, what kind of network did the Chinese form in the Pacific Ocean? Use two examples to answer the question.

Main Claim: According to Elizabeth Sinn, the Chinese formed an economic and cultural trade network in the Pacific Ocean.

1. The trade network can be examined through the overseas trade of goods.

ex: For instance, the Chinese were interested in selling cash crops, labor, and even using the Pacific to send over corpses to be buried at home.

2. The trade network can also be examined from a cultural standpoint.

ex: For example, the trade route in the Pacific was used by Chinese merchants who sold goods from their homes to immigrants in the United States who were home sick.

According to Paul Kramer, the U.S. colonial regime adopted three racial narratives to legitimize the colonization of the United States in the Philippines. Please explain the three narratives.

Main Claim: According to Paul Kramer, familial, evolutionary, and tutelary assimilation narratives were used to justify the colonization of the United States in the Philippines.

1. "Family" was a term commonly used by Americans to devalue the independence of Filipinos.

ex: Americans would refer to themselves as "fathers" while labeling Filipinos as "children" because they were believed to be irresponsible, uneducated, and "educable". The U.S. also referred to themselves as "school" because they claimed that the Philippines needed 2 generations' worth of supervision until they were able to be independent.

2. The U.S. implemented social-evolutionary frameworks to justify colonization.

ex: The U.S. claimed that they still needed to evolve from "ignorant peasants" to "English-speaking students". Compared themselves to the the Philippines and determined they weren't fit to govern themselves.

3. Tutelary Assimilation was used to claim that Americans were capable of helping them assimilate into the U.S.

ex: Solider and U.S. officials state that educating the Filipinos in political rationality and discipline is essential if they want to be capable of self governing themselves.

4. According to Kornel Chang, how did the U.S. and Canadian governments tighten the U.S. and Canadian border? How did Asian immigrants circumvent the restrictions?

Main Claim: According to Kornel Chang, the U.S., and Canadian governments tightened their borders by using legislation, physical force, and help from the community to prevent Asian immigration.

1. The U.S. and Canadian governments used legislation to their advantage to prevent immigration.

ex: The U.S. allowed the immigration bureau to enforce the "Continuous Journey" law which limited the amount of Asian immigrants capable of traveling without making any stops. In addition, they also had the gentleman's agreement between them and Japan.

2. In addition, these governments increased the physical force

of border patrol and increased resources.

ex: They would position themselves in areas of high traffic for immigrants. Also hired inside informants who reported movements of Asian Activity.

3. Determined Asian immigrants would not let such restrictions prevent them from entering the U.S. through Canada

ex: Asian Americans already in the U.S. would sell their passports to incoming immigrants, pretend to be leaving the country, or even black face.

5. According to Nayan Shah, how did P. L. Verma help Don Singh win clemency? Please explain two strategies.

Main Claim: According to Nayan Shah, P.L. Verma helped Don Singh win clemency by defending him in a sodomy case. He used testimonies and Hindu morals as an argument to win their case.

1. Verma helped Singh's case by categorizing sodomy as a sin that naturally a Hindoo would never commit.

ex: Characterized a "good Hindoo" as someone who is religiously observant and claimed that marriage was a deterrent to an "addictive habit". Furthermore, Asserted that a good faithful immigrant like him has too much at risk to commit such a terrible crime.

2. Verma used testimonies from friends and family to further prove Shah's innocence by using testimonies from his friends and family.

ex: Verma read a letter to the court from Singh's wife asserting that she was in "miserable condition" and would starve to death without his help.

6. What is Techno Orientalism? Why do the authors Siu and Chun consider the recent concern about TikTok as a form of Techno Orientalism?

Main claim: Techno-orientalism is a concept that describes how Asian cultures are portrayed concerning technology in a way that is often stereotypical and harmful. Siu and Chun consider the recent TikTok concern as a form of Techno Orientalism because of the company owner.

1. People of Asian descent have been subject to Techno Orientalism. Often Asian countries have been referred to as the "Yellow Peril" which is a racist labeling adopted throughout many years. It is often believed that Asian countries are a threat to the technological and economic state of the world. This has led to false accusations of crimes against Asians especially among Asian American communities.

ex: Asian American researchers from universities have been accused of relaying information to Asian countries. In addition, U.S. federal agencies have encouraged businesses and universities to not conduct with Asian countries which has led to further discrimination.

2. Siu and Chun consider the recent TikTok ban as a form of techno orientalism because the U.S. believes that a foreign country like China is a threat.

ex: Since the parent company is from China the U.S. believes that the information they hold over us is a threat to national security. Harmful Techno Orientalism because this belief is based on harmful stereotypes that China is using spyware in an attempt to gain the upper hand.