Ch 3: Bacteria and Archaea

Most bacterial cells possess __ and a surface coating called a __.

cell wall, glycocalyx.

__ bacterial cells possess __.

All, cytoplasmic membrane.

Bacteria have an average size of __.

1 μm.

Which bacterial shape is:

• Spherical or ball-shaped

Cocci

Which bacterial shape is:

• Spindle-shaped, round-ended, long and threadlike

• Also called bacillus

Rods

A bacteria shaped like a curved rod is called __.

vibrio.

Which bacterial shape is:

• Slightly curled or spiral-shaped body (corkscrew)

Spirillum

A few bacteria produce multiple branches off of a basic rod structure, a form called branching __.

filaments.

Which bacterial arrangements of Cocci:

• Chains

Streptococci

Which bacterial arrangements of Cocci:

• Irregular clusters

Staphylococci

Which bacterial arrangements of Cocci:

• Pairs

Diplococci

Which bacterial arrangements of Cocci:

• Groups of four

Tetrads

Which bacterial arrangements of Cocci:

• Cubical packet of eight, sixteen, or more cells

Sarcina

Which bacterial arrangements of Bacilli:

• Pair of cells with ends attached

Diplobacilli

Which bacterial arrangements of Bacilli:

• Chain of several cells

Streptobacilli

Which bacterial arrangements of Bacilli:

• Cells of a chain remain partially attached by a small hinge region at the ends

Palisades

Which of the following structures are possessed by some but not all prokaryotes?

Flagella

Which arrangement of Flagella:

• Flagella attached at one or both ends of the cell

Polar arrangement

Which arrangement of Flagella:

• Single flagellum

Monotrichous

Which arrangement of Flagella:

• Small bunches or tufts of flagella emerging from the same site

Lophotrichous

Which arrangement of Flagella:

• Flagella at both poles of the cell

Amphitrichous

Which arrangement of Flagella:

• Flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell

Peritrichous

__ is the movement toward favorable chemical stimulus.

Positive chemotaxis

__ is the movement away from a repellant.

Negative chemotaxis

__ is the rotation of flagellum counterclockwise, resulting in a smooth linear direction.

Run

__ is the reversal of the direction of the flagellum, causing the cell to stop and change course.

Tumble

Which appendages for attachment:

• Small, bristle-like fibers sprouting off the surface of many bacterial cells?

Fimbriae

Which appendages for attachment:

• Long rigid tubular structure that used in conjugation between bacterial cells?

Pili

Which appendages for attachment:

• Very thin, long, tubular extensions of the cytoplasmic membrane

• Used as channels to transfer amino acids or to harvest energy

Nanotubes

Which bacteria surface coating:

• Single layers of thousands of copies of a single protein linked together like chain mail

• Only produced when bacteria are in a hostile environment

S-layer

Which bacteria surface coating:

• Coating of repeating polysaccharide or glycoprotein units

Glycocalyx

__ is loose, protects against loss of water and nutrients

Slime layer

__ is more tightly bound, denser, and thicker; produce a sticky (mucoid) character to colonies on agar.

Capsule

Capsules are form by many pathogenic bacteria, have greater __ and protect against __.

pathogenicity, phagocytosis.

Glycocalyx help form __.

biofilms.

__ is responsible for persistent colonization of plastic catheters, IUDs, metal pacemakers, and other implanted medical devices.

Biofilms

Which of the following bacterial appendages is not used for attachment?

Flagellum

The __ lies outside the cytoplasm.

cell envelope

The __ determine the shape of a bacterium and provides strong structural support.

cell wall

The cell wall gains its relative rigidity from __.

peptidoglycan.

What is composed of a repeating framework of long glycan (sugar) chains cross-linked by short peptide (protein) fragments?

Peptidoglycan

The Gram-__ cell wall is a thick homogenous sheet of peptidoglycan.

Positive

The Gram-__ cell wall is a single thin sheet of peptidoglycan.

Negative

Gram-Positive cell wall contains __ and __.

teichoic acid, lipoteichoic acid.

Nocardia and __ contain peptidoglycan and stain __, but bulk of cell wall is composed of unique lipids.

Mycobacterium, gram-positive

Which cell wall component has the following characteristics:

• Very-long-chain fatty acid

• Found in the cell walls of acid-fast bacteria

• Contributes to the pathogenicity of the bacteria

• Makes bacteria highly resistant to certain chemicals and dyes

Mycolic acids

Which cell wall component has the following characteristics:

• Naturally lack a cell wall

• Sterols in the cell membrane stabilize the cell against lysis

Mycoplasmas

What has the following characteristics:

• Signaling molecules and receptors

• Endotoxin (terms used interchangeably)

Lipopolysaccharide

Treatment of infection caused by __ bacteria requires that can cross the __.

gram-negative, outer membrane

The outer membrane contributes an extra barrier in gram-positive bacteria that makes them impervious to some antimicrobial chemicals, so they are generally more difficult to inhibit or kill than are gram-negative bacteria.

False

The cytoplasm is __ water

70 to 80%

The __ is a complex mixture of sugars, amino acids, and salts.

Cytoplasm

The __ serves as a pool for building blocks for cell synthesis or sources of energy.

Cytoplasm

The hereditary material of most bacteria exists in the __ in mostly single circular strand.

bacterial chromosomes

Some have multiple strands their DNA is aggregated in the __.

nucleoid.

What has the following characteristics:

• Nonessential pieces of DNA

• Confer protective traits such as drug resistance and toxin and enzyme production

Plasmids

What is the site protein synthesis?

Ribosomes

What has the following characteristics:

• Arranged in helical ribbons around the cell

• Contribute to cell shape

Cytoskeleton

What is metabolically active?

Vegetative cell

What is induced by environmental conditions?

Sporulation

__ are dormant bodies.

Bacterial Endospores

What can resist extremes of heat, drying, freezing, radiation, and chemicals that would normally kill vegetative cells?

Bacterial Endospores

__ is an agent of anthrax.

Bacilus anthracis

__ is cause of tetanus.

Clostridium tetani

__ is cause of gas gangrene.

Clostridium perfringens

__ is cause of botulism.

Clostridium botulinum

__ is a serious gastrointestinal disease.

Clostridium difficile

Where in a bacterial cell would you find the genetic material?

Nucleoid

What contains unique membrane lipids, cell wall components, and pilin proteins?

Archaea

Which division of bacteria and archaea:

• gram-negative with thin cell walls

Gracilicutes

Which division of bacteria and archaea:

• gram-positive with thick, strong cell walls

Firmicutes

Which division of bacteria and archaea:

• lack a cell wall and are soft

Tenericutes

Which division of bacteria and archaea:

• Archaea, primitive cells with unusual cell walls and nutritional habits

Mendosicutes

You identify a bacterium as gram negative using the gram-stain method. In Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, this bacterium belongs to the __.

gracilicutes