Enzymes Notes

Factors the govern reaction rate

• velocity of colliding molecules

• energy held by colliding atoms

• specific chemical configuration

how to alter reaction rate

• heat up the reaction

• increase pressure

• increase concentration of reactants

What are catalysts

enzymes that speed up cellular reactions; they are not altered by this

How do enzymes help reaction rates

typically accelerate the reaction by lowering the activation energy

How much faster are catalyzed reactions

between 10⁸ to 10¹⁰ times faster

How are enzymes named

based on function, usually ends in -ase

What are enzymes made of

some made of proteins, others have protein component called apoenzymes and require a cofactors

What are cofactors

ions like zinc, iron, magnesium, or calcium

What are coenzymes

organic molecules

What are holoenzymes made of

apoenzymes + cofactor

How do cofactors help reactions

the create bridge between enzyme and substrate, they might also help reaction by accepting atoms from substrate or donating atoms to it

Factors that influence enzyme activity

• temp

• pH

• substrate concentration

• inhibitors

• feedback inhibition

What temp are enzymes usually best at

35-40C

Types of inhibition

competitive and noncompetitive

what is competitive inhibition

what a inhibitor competes with substrate by bind to active site, can be permanent

what is non-competitive inhibition

inhibitors bind to allosteric site and change structure of active site preventing substrate from binding

What is feedback regulation

when end product of enzyme series binds to first enzymes and stops the series, saves resources and prevents buildup of dangerous intermediants

what is ribozyme

RNA molecules that has enzymatic activity like cutting and splicing RNAs