M4 BIO 200 Pt. 2

Totipotent cells

Can differentiate into over 200 cell types, including the placenta. (both embryonic and adult cells)

Pluripotent cells

Can form all tissues in an adult, cannot form placenta

Determined Cells

Making a “point of no return”, making changes internally to become a specialized tissue

Differentiated Cells

When unspecialized stem cells become specialized, by expressing different transcription factors

How can a finite set of genes that code for antibody proteins produce an almost limitless number of antibodies?

Many segments in the loci, which go through DNA splicing, allowing for various combinations of the segments to appear in different B-cells.

How do people build immunity to diseases they already had?

people become immune to pathogens after first exposure, where B-cells that can bind to antigens multiply, form memory B-cells and increase their production

find it

assesses a correlation, when and where the genes are getting expressed, whether enhancers are turned on or not

lose it

assesses necessity of the gene for cell development when removed

what does it mean for a cell to be expressed recently synaptonemal complex proteins?

the cell has undergone meiosis, thus formed gametes

what reproductive cell express synaptonemal complex proteins?

Primary spermatocytes, primary ooctyes

what reproductive cells have a gene for ligase

primary/secondary spermatocytes and oocytes

true or false: each b-cell expresses 2 heavy chain alleles and 2 light chain alleles

false. b-cell only expresses 1 functional heavy and light chain allele

benefits of mRNA vaccines

high adaptability to new variants, do not need to enter the nucleus to express the antigen.

mRNA vaccines mechanisms

mRNA Enters cytoplasm to instruct human cells to produce a spike protein, triggering an immune response to create antibodies. Antibodies remain in the body to remember

What bonds are found in vaccines?

covalent, hydrogen, hydrophobic, disulfide

When and how do totipotent cells become specialized?

during embryonic development. When the embryo divides, specific sets of genes are activated while others are silenced

Example of a totipotent cell

zygote

Examples of a pluripotent cell

embryonic stem cells

example of differentiated cells

bone, muscles, liver and skin cells

examples of a determined cell

cytoplasmic determinant