#3: Controlling Blood Glucose Concentration

This set of flashcards covers key concepts and processes related to the regulation of blood glucose concentration, including the roles of insulin and glucagon.

What hormone increases blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen to glucose?

Glucagon

What is gluconeogenesis?

The conversion of non-carbohydrates like glycerol and amino acids into glucose, primarily in the liver.

What process converts glucose into glycogen?

Glycogenesis.

What process involves the breakdown of glycogen to glucose?

Glycogenolysis.

What is the normal range for blood glucose concentration?

4-8 mmol dm-3 of blood.

What happens when blood glucose levels are too low?

Cells may not have enough glucose for respiration, affecting normal function, especially in brain cells.

What are the major factors causing an increase in blood glucose concentration?

Carbohydrates breaking down into monosaccharides, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

How does exercise affect blood glucose concentration?

It decreases blood glucose as muscles increase uptake and use of glucose.

What is the role of insulin when blood glucose concentration is too high?

It promotes the uptake of glucose by cells and stimulates glycogenesis in the liver.

What is the action of glucagon when blood glucose concentration is low?

It stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, increasing blood glucose levels.

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

Exocrine glands secrete hormones through ducts, while endocrine glands secrete hormones without ducts.

What is the function of pancreatic islets?

They contain alpha and beta cells that secrete glucagon and insulin, respectively.

How does insulin affect cell permeability to glucose?

Insulin binding increases the number of glucose transporter proteins in cell membranes, enhancing glucose uptake.

What happens to insulin and glucagon secretion when blood glucose is high?

More insulin is secreted, and less glucagon is secreted.

What is the effect of alcohol on blood glucose levels?

Drinking alcohol can inhibit the liver from producing glucose, potentially leading to low blood sugar levels.