GENETICS : DNA and molecular structure of chromosomes

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29 Terms

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chromosomes made up of:

  1. protein

  2. nucleic acid

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2 types of nucleic acid:

  1. deoxyribonucleic acid

  2. ribonucleic acid

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nucleotides composed of 3 parts:

  1. phosphate group

  2. 5-carbon sugar

  3. cyclic nitrogen-containing base

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DNA 4 bases

  1. adenine

  2. guanine

  3. thymine

  4. cytosine

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RNA 4 bases

  1. adenine

  2. guanine

  3. uracil

  4. cytosine

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purines- double rings

  1. adenine

  2. guanine

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pyrimidines- single rings

  1. cytosine

  2. thymine

  3. uracil

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chemical polarity

bonds between 5’ carbon of deoxyribose in one nucleotides to 3’ carbon of deoxyribose in adjacent nucleotide

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nucleotides joined by:

covalent bonds

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adenine base pair

thymine

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cytosine base pair

guanine

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uracil base pair

adenine

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adenine and thymine- hydrogen bonds

2

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cytosine and guanine- hydrogen bonds

3

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amount of base pairs per helical turn

10

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complementary strand

nucleotide chain is flipped 180 degrees

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stability results from:

  1. lots of hydrogen bonds between base pairs

  2. stacking forces or hydrophobic forces between adjacent base pairs

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in cells, most dna is in a:

negative supercoil

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chromatin

composed of dna and chromosomal proteins

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2 major classes of proteins in chromatin:

  1. histones

  2. non histone chromosomal proteins

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histones

proteins that function in the coiling of dna in chromosomes and regulation of gene activity

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nonhistone chromosomal proteins

proteins that do not play a central role in packaging dna into chromosomes

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nucleosome

small ellipsoidal bead in chromatin

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composition of histones

20-30% of arginine and lysine

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arginine and lysine function

  1. pos. charged

  2. makes histone charged

  3. allows interaction with dna

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side chain charge

are neg. charged due to oxygen atoms in the phosphate groups having loose electrons

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histones function

  1. primary: dna packaging

  2. secondary: increase of decrease gene expression

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composition of nonhistone proteins

  • varies widely among cell types in an organism

    • big, mixed group of proteins

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nonhistone proteins function

  1. primary: regulating gene expression

  2. secondary: dna packaging