ANTH final (chapters 15, 16, and 17)

What is a society without a governing head or hierarchical leadership called?

Acephalous society

What approach follows daily actions of individual leaders, viewing politics as dynamic competition?

Action theory

What is the use of force to harm someone or something?

Violence

What is power exercised through coercion or force?

Coercive power

What is power based on persuasion?

Persuasive power

What type of society has leadership but no permanent leader?

Tribe

What type of society has a political system organized around kinship-based groups with a headman?

Band

What is power embedded in social structures such as institutions?

Structural power

What is the political organization characterized by centralized authority and monopoly on force?

State

What anthropological theory explains how political systems maintain social order?

Structural functionalism

What is the process of categorizing people into racial groups based on social, economic, or political factors?

Racialization

What is a form of conflict resolution involving a third party deciding the outcome?

Adjudication

What is conflict resolution where a third party helps sides reach a mutually acceptable agreement?

Mediation

What is a political system in which leaders gain power through personal achievements?

Big-man system

Politics, in anthropology, includes all relationships and processes EXCEPT which?

The use of formal written laws only

The !Kung people of southern Africa represent what type of society?

Acephalous / band-level society

Which English philosophers argued that disorder is avoided through strong government?

Hobbes and Locke

Which theory explains how stateless societies maintain order?

Structural functionalism

For anthropologists, political power refers to what?

The ability to shape or control the actions of others

Power that transcends individuals and operates across social settings is called what?

Structural power

For a big man, the most powerful tool is what?

Personal influence and persuasion

The process that categorizes populations into racial meanings is called what?

Racialization

Which of the following is an element of violence?

The intention to harm

Violence is what?

Culturally shaped and context-dependent

Which branch of anthropology studies how people handle disputes?

Legal anthropology

What is the legal process where a recognized authority makes a unilateral decision?

Adjudication

The emphasis in early political systems ignores that structures only provide individuals with roles.

Structural-functional

The exercise of political power requires what?

Legitimacy

Specific rules and codes surrounding political power are a feature of what?

Legal systems theory

In the typology of political organization, tribal leadership is what?

Charismatic headman

In early records, “Christian” was used for Europeans but others were labeled how?

By race or ethnicity

A third-party process helping disputing sides reach agreement is called what?

Mediation

Age-grades bring order to society.

True

People in non-centralized systems welcome centralized rule for security.

False

Understanding political action requires knowing social rules and power codes.

True

Power is mostly located in state institutions.

False

People worldwide primarily want to win disputes.

False

Which of the following is a political act?

Choosing who to cooperate with

Structural functionalism is important because it

Explains how political systems maintain order

According to neo-evolutionary theory, non-centralized systems include

Bands and tribes

Which is NOT a political act?

Brushing your teeth

Which theory focuses on daily decisions of individuals in politics?

Action theory

“Revenge suicide” in PNG demonstrates what?

Violence can follow cultural logics

Non-voluntary membership in a nation-state is explained by what?

Colonial boundaries

Power in state vs non-state societies differs in all EXCEPT

People’s emotional needs

Powdermaker’s term for drawing conclusions from singular experiences is what?

Selective perception

Why is “ethnic violence” misleading?

It hides structural or political causes

Which is NOT a reason people see ethnic violence as inevitable?

Because ethnicity biologically causes violence

Why are some people dissatisfied with harmony-focused dispute resolution?

They may want punishment, not peace

The state is a type of what political system?

Centralized

The separate legal domain that holds legitimate force is called what?

Government

The concept highlighting that power is diffused across society is what?

Structural power

Dispute management involving respected community hearings is what?

Mediation

Structural power is found in actions of institutions and knowledge producers.

True

A nation can be formed from people imagining shared identity.

True

Corruption is only serious in non-Western societies.

False

Owusu argued democracy works better with chiefs involved.

True

The role of city council president is classified as what?

State-level political role

A structural-functionalist views violence as

Serving a function in maintaining order or structure

Which agency would you study to understand structural power?

The Department of Education (or IRS, etc.)

Paul Richards shows violence can be what?

Meaningful and strategic

An action theorist in the U.S. Senate would study

Individual decision-making and political maneuvering

Your parent mediating a car dispute illustrates what?

Mediation

Exchange of gifts or money to compensate another clan or family for the loss of one of its women and her productive/reproductive abilities in marriage

Bride price

A group of relatives who claim descent from a single ancestor

Clan

Groups of real people who work together toward common ends like a corporation

Corporate groups

A large sum of money or in-kind gifts given to a daughter to ensure her well-being in her husband’s family

Dowry

A social pattern in which members of a clan must marry outside their clan

Exogamous

Larger groups of relatives beyond the nuclear family, often living together

Extended families

Cultural expectations of how males and females should behave

Gender

Ideas and social patterns for organizing males, females, and non-binary people

Gender/sex systems

Expressions of gender that diverge from male/female norms

Gender variance

The structural process of forgetting groups of relatives not socially significant

Genealogical amnesia

The prohibition on sexual relations between close family members

Incest taboo

Individuals whose sexual organs/functions combine male and female traits

Intersex

A visual representation of family relationships

Kinship chart

The social system organizing people in families based on descent/marriage

Kinship

A group of relatives descended from known ancestors

Lineage

The ideas and practices of manhood

Masculinity

The family into which one is born and raised

Natal family

The family formed by a married couple and their children

Nuclear family

A woman with two or more husbands simultaneously

Polyandry

Any form of plural marriage

Polygamy

A man married to more than one woman simultaneously

Polygyny

The reproductive forms and functions of the body

Sex

Sexual preferences, desires, and practices

Sexuality

A species with different male vs female sexual forms

Sexually dimorphic

Naming parents by their children (e.g., "Mother of John")

Teknonymy

Which family is the one a person is born and raised in?

Natal family

What is the family formed by a married couple and their children called?

Nuclear family

Family groups who work together toward common ends are called?

Corporate groups

A household including parents, grandfather, aunt, and cousins is what family type?

Extended family

A clan required to marry outside the clan is described as?

Exogamous

Anthropologists group kinship systems into six patterns called?

Kinship terminology systems

Marriage decisions in the U.S. are shaped strongly by what ideology?

Individualism/romantic love

All of the following are marriage forms except?

Sexual dimorphism (not a marriage form)

Ideas/patterns organizing males, females, and non-binary people are called?

Gender/sex systems

Sexual dimorphism refers to?

Physical differences between males and females

Individuals with sexual traits between male and female are called?

Intersex

Simone de Beauvoir argued what in The Second Sex?

“One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman.”