Anatomy & Physiology 2024 Midterm

nervous tissue

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.

epithelial tissue

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out

muscular tissue

Contracts and moves the various parts of the body.

connective tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts

simple epithelium

single layer of cells

stratified epithelium

several layers of cells

Squamous

flat cells

Cuboidal

cube shaped

Columnar

column shaped

psuedostratified columnar epithelium

part of respiratory tract, includes a mixture of cell types

transitional epithelium

function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

basement membrane

Cells at the base of an epithelial layer are attached to this.

pariteal serosa

the part of the membrane lining the cavity walls

visceral serosa

covers the internal organs

serous fluid

lubricates the organs and allows them glide without friction

plural cavity

part of the thoracic cavity that holds the lungs

thoracic cavity

cavity housing lungs and heart

ventral cavity

located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis

mediastinum cavity

midportion of the thoracic cavity containing the heart and trachea

Keratin

hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails

merocrine glands

Glands that release fluid products by exocytosis

apocrine glands

glands that lose small portions of their glandular cell bodies during secretion

holocrine glands

Exocrine glands whose secretions are made up of disintegrated cells

endocrine glands

glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream

Posterior (dorsal)

back of body

Anterior (ventral)

front of the body

Proximal

closer to point of attachment to trunk

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Lateral

away from the midline

Medial

toward the midline

superficial

near the surface

deep

away from the surface

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

Midsagital (median) plane

divides the body into equal left and right halves

frontal plane

Divides the body into front and back portions.

blood tissue

connective tissue with a liquid extracellular matrix and formed elements

connective tissue proper

loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

bone tissue

Most rigid connective tissue, Internally supports body structures, very active tissue, heals much more rapidly than cartilage. Calcified.

cartilage tissue

Cushions and provides structural support for body parts.
- Jelly-Like base and is fibrous

adipose tissue

Tissue that stores fat. Cells filled with oil.

dense irregular tissue

irregularly arranged collaged fibers with few fibroblasts, withstands pulling in many directions

dense regular tissue

Connective tissue made from collagen fibers that run in the same direction (makes tendons and ligaments)

Hypodermis

Also called a subcutaneous layer, this is a layer of *fat located under the dermis of the skin. Helps to insulate the body and protects underlying muscles and other structures. Also connects skin to the rest of the body.

Dermis

Inner layer of skin, made of connective tissue and contains blood vessels, glands and nerves.

Epidermis

Outer layer of skin, made of epithelial tissue

stratum corneum

the most superficial layer of the epidermis consisting of dead cells

stratum lucidum

Clear, transparent layer of the epidermis under the stratum corneum. Only found on palms of hands and soles of feet.

stratum spinosum

a layer of the epidermis that provides strength and flexibility to the skin

stratum granulosum

a layer of the epidermis that marks the transition between the deeper, metabolically active strata and the dead cells of the more superficial strata

stratum basale

the deepest layer of the epidermis consisting of stem cells capable of undergoing cell division to form new cells

Melanocytes

cells that produce melanin- spider shaped cells that protect against UV radiation

Osteocytes

mature bone cells

Sebaceous cells

secrete sebum (oil)

hair shaft

visible part of the hair

dermal papillae

Found in the upper layers of the dermis, they create your fingerprint pattern

goblet cells

a column-shaped cell found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts, which secretes the main component of mucus.

free surface

Part of the epithelial tissue that is exposed to an open area (either the external environment or to the inside of a hollow organ).

basement membrane

Cells at the base of an epithelial layer are attached to this. "bottom layer"

nail matrix

the part of the nail beneath the body and root from which the nail is produced

hair cuticle

Outermost layer of hair; consisting of a single, overlapping layer of transparent, scale-like cells that look like shingles on a roof.

nail cuticle

fold of epithelium that extends over the nail bed, also called the eponychium

hair bulb

Lowest part of a hair strand; the thickened, club-shaped structure that forms the lower part of the hair root.

hair follicle

sac within which each hair grows

Functions of the skin

Protection, Thermoregulation, Cutaneous Sensation, Vitamin D synthesis, Blood Reservoir, Excretion and Absorption.

Functions of the skeletal system

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell production

Functions of the muscular system

movement, posture, joint stability, heat production

Functions of blood

transportation, regulation, protection

Epiphysis

the end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft, contains red bone marrow

Diaphysis

shaft of a long bone, contains yellow bone marrow in adults only

Periosteum

A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles.

epiphyseal plate

Growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies

example of long bone

femur

example of irregular bone

vertebrae

example of flat bone

sternum

Example of Seasmoid Bone

patella

example of short bone

phalanges

Haversian canal

one of a network of tubes running through compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves, center of the osteon

Canaliculi

Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

trabeculae

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone, "little beams", red bone marrow present here, location of red blood cell production

Osteons

Cylindrical structures that comprise compact bone

Hydroxyapatite

Hardy crystals consisting of calcium and phosphate that form the bone matrix. Provide bones with their strength.

Collagen

A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone

Vertebral Column Order

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

Cranial

toward the head

Caudal

toward the tail

medullary cavity

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

Osteoid

unmineralized bone matrix

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

A hormone that increases blood calcium concentrations.

Calcitonin

A hormone that decreases blood calcium concentrations.

fiborous joints

little to no movement, bound together by connective tissue

cartilaginous joints

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage

synovial joints

freely movable joints

pivot joint example

neck

hinge joint example

elbow and knee

ball and socket joint example

hip and shoulder

saddle joint example

thumb

smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body (ex. digestive tract)

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones, striated and voluntary