topic 2: the cell

what does cell theory say?

1. all living organisms are made up of cells

2. cells are the basic unit of organization and sturcture

3. cells arise from pre-existing cells

who “discovered”/named cells?

robert locke

prokaryotic cells

cells that…

• do not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles

• very small, usually unicellular

• have a nucleoid

• are in domain bacteria and domain archaea (animal kingdom)

eukaryotic cells

cells that…

• have a nucleus with linear chromosomes and membrane bound organelles

• are much larger than prokaryotic cells, can be unicellular or multicellular

• are in the domain eukarya (plants, animals, fungi, protists)

nucleus (LM)

the genetic command center of the cell

has a nuclear envelope

nucleolus/nucleoli (LM)

does ribosomal RNA synthesis

has no membrane

plasma membrane (LM)

provides a limit to the living cell, regulates the exchange of shit in/out of cell

single membrane

ribosomes (EM)

does polypeptide/protein synthesis, contains ribosomal RNA + proteins

located on the rough ER

smooth ER (EM)

does lipid synthesis, stores calcium ions, and does liver stuff

it is next to the nuclear envelope

rough ER (EM)

does synthesis for secretory + membrane proteins, forms transport vesicles, and does hydrophilic enzymes

next to the nuclear envelope

transport veiscles (EM)

transports stuff

single membrane

golgi (EM)

does protein modification, packaging, and finalizing for the proteins final destination, also forms lysosomes in animal cells

layered, membrane bound golgi bodies

peroxisome (EM)

an ezyme to dispose of waste and does fatty acid metabolism

single membrane

mitochondria/mitochondrion (EM)

produces ATP and does cellular respiration

double membrane

cytoskeleton (EM or fluorescent LM)

provides the cell shape, there are three different types

1. microfilaments

2. microtubules

3. intermediate filaments

microfillaments

forms cellular cortex to support temporary cell shape and movement

made of solid rods of actin

microtubules

provides the train tracks for the cell to move on so to speak

made of tubulin and contains mitotic + meiotic spindles, flagella, and cilia

intermediate fillament

just gives the cell structure

made of tubular and solid fillaments

which organelles are found in ANIMAL cells only?

lysosomes

lysosomes

digest stuff

which organelles are found in FUNGI and PLANTS only?

cell wall, large central vacuole, and plastids (plant only)

cell wall

protects cell and gives structure

large centgral vacuole

stores and digsests stuff

plastids

chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts

chloroplasts

carry out photosynthesis

contain chlorophyllc

chromoplasts

determines ripeness/”eatability” of the thing and gives color other than green

amyloplasts

stores energy

contained amylose