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Mexican Revolution

(1910-1920 CE) Armed rebellion in which the Mexican people fought for political and social reform, especially against neocolonialism; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

Total War

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort; most notably WWI

Propaganda

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the US stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s; had far-reaching global economic effects including further hindering countries recovering from WWI

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression; an example of a government taking greater economic control

Fascist Corporatist economy

An anti-capitalist economy where government controlled corporations and had political influence through them.

Five Year Plan

plans outlined by Joseph Stalin in 1928 for the development of the Soviet Union's economy; wanted to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI; tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision.

Indian National Congress

group formed by Hindu nationalist leaders of India in the late 1800's to gain greater democracy and eventual self-rule

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition; actively promotes social hierarchies with rules by elite

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

Atomic Bomb

a nuclear weapon developed in the US in which enormous energy is released by nuclear fission; first used during WWII on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Fire bombing

Bombs dropped on Germany and Japan with intentions to spread fires and take down cities

Aremenian Genocide

Ottoman Muslim Turks target Christian minority group from 1915-1917

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Genocide

the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

Rwandan Genocide

The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994. The conflict between the dominant Tutsis and the majority Hutus had gone on for centuries, but the suddenness and savagery of the massacres caught the United Nations off-guard. U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done.

Bolsheviks

A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917.

Central Powers

In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies.

Allied Powers

WWI alliance of Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, and later the US (1917)

Reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

Paris Peace Conference

The great rulers and countries excluding Germany and Russia met at Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war; leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Clemenceau (France) and Italy. The Treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I; created the League of Nations

Weimar Republic

The new German republic the in 1921 owed 33 billion annually to the allied reparations commission. In order to recover from its severe economic issues the annual fees were reduced each year depending on the level of German economic prosperity and Germany received large loans each year from the United States.

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield; used prolifically during WWI

Stalemate

A situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible; Western front of WWI

Collectivize

to run or organize a farm according to principles of united control; often used by Communist countries to expedite industrial and agricultural production resulting in shortages

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Cold War

A sometimes physical but also ideological conflict between the US and the Soviet Union lasting c. 1945-1992. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats and proxy wars; capitalism vs. communism

Non-Alignment Movement

a group of states which are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc of the Cold War; didn't want to take sides in the war; examples include: Sukarno in Indonesia and Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance of capitalist nations made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; included US, England, France, Canada, and Western European countries

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other communist Eastern European nations; formed in response to NATO

Proxy War

a war in which the powers in conflict use third parties as substitutes instead of fighting each other directly; happened often during the Cold War including the Korean War, Angolan Civil War, and the Sandinista-Contras conflict in Nicaragua

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976; led the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution to bring economic and cultural change to Communist China

Great Leap Forward

economic and social plan used in China from 1958 to 1961 which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern industrial society; resulted in famine and the deaths of more than 45 million people

Cultural Revolution

(1966-1976) Political policy in started in China by Mao Zedong to eliminate his rivals and train a new generation in the revolutionary spirit that created communist China; an attack on traditional Chinese cultural values. The Cultural Revolution resulted in beatings, terror, mass jailing, and the deaths of thousands.

land redistribution

a policy by which land is taken from those who own large amounts and redistributed to those who have little or none; a popular practice among Communist nations who seek to gain the support of lower class citizens who had historically been denied property ownership; occurred in China, Mexico, USSR, Vietnam, Ethiopia, White Revolution Iran

White Revolution

occurred in Iran in 1962, the Shah's attempt appease the Iranian citizens; called for economic and and political reforms: created land reform, profit sharing, and women's right to vote

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class (high caste), and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Gandhi, appealing to the poor.

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; nationalist communist leader of North Vietnam; fought against French colonization of Vietnam, used guerrilla warfare to fight anti-communist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable for the US

Muslim League

an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations (Pakistan and India); led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah from 1913 until creation of Pakistan in 1947

Partition of India

After gaining independence from Great Britain in 1947, India was separated into two countries Pakistan for Muslims and India for Hindus; led to conflict as well as population displacement and resettlement

Imperial metropoles

"mother city"; many people from former colonies moved to these locations; maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony even after the dissolution of empires; examples: South Asians to Britain, Algerians to France, Filipinos to the United States

Nelson Mandela

South African nationalist Leader of the African National Congress (ANC); arrested for opposing white S. African rule and apartheid; used nonviolent means of protest; released from prison to become the South Africa's first democratically elected president in 1994

Apartheid

South African social policy and racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites; ended c. 1994

Al Qaeda

a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001

Mohandas Gandhi

Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920; opposed British rule in India and wanted a united India for both Muslims and Hindus

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee in 1968

Domino Theory

The US theory that stated, if one country would fall to Communism then they all would.

Containment Theory

The US theory that stated, if Communism in Asia could be contained in the area the system would eventually die out.

Marshall Plan

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe; meant to improve economies so that communism would not sound appealing

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Glasnost

A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry.

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based (capitalist) economy and society

Iron Curtain

Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West.

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope; in terms of AP World History - globalized culture and trade

Green Revolution

Agricultural revolution that increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation; helped to support rising Asian populations.

1918 Influenza Pandemic

changed from a epidemic and spread over an entire world killing around 20 million in many areas around the world

Malaria

This disease is commonly associated with poverty and is spread by mosquitos. Each year 1-3 million people mostly in sub-Saharan Africa die of this disease and hundreds of millions are infected.

Alzheimer's disease

an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning; associated with increased human longevity

climate change

a change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.

knowledge economy

a society no longer based primarily on the production of material goods but instead on the production of knowledge (examples: Finland, Japan, US)

manufacturing economy

economy in which a large portion of employees are engaged in work that is aimed at producing manufactured products (examples: Vietnam, Bangladesh, Mexico, Honduras)

multinational corporation (MNC)

A large business organization operating in a number of different national economies; the term implies a more extensive form of transnational corporation. (examples: Nestle, Nissan, Mahindra, Starbucks, McDonald's, Apple

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Founded in 1995, a global institution created to promote international trade and to settle international trade disputes

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)

Created in 1994, an agreement for free trade (no trade barriers) between the United States, Canada, and Mexico

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

founded in 1967, a trade organization for economic, political, social, and cultural cooperation among Southeast Asian nations (includes Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam)

Ronald Reagan

First elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. While president, he developed "Reagannomics" the trickle down effect of government incentives. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War.

Deng Xiaoping

Communist Party leader who seen as responsible for Chinese economic reforms (more free market) after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976.

Margaret Thatcher

leader of conservatives in Great Britain who came to power. Pledged to limit social welfare, restrict union power, and end inflation. Formed Thatcherism, in which her economic policy was termed, and improved the British economic situation. She dominated British politics in 1980s, and her government tried to replace local property taxes with a flat-rate tax payable by every adult. Her popularity fell, and resigned.

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Bollywood

Indian version of Hollywood (film industry), centered in Mumbai (formerly Bombay); example of globalized culture where the West influenced South Asia which now influences the world