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Sloping Roof
Part of timber frame with standing pillars formed a relatively fixed structure, while the walls only form the role of fencing
House Body
Part of timber frame that provides the living space
Terrace
It is a solid or hollow formed by timber frame
Clay
It is a common material for making tiles for roofing
Thatch and Bamboo
Common materials for the poor
Wood framework System
These were standardizes by the Ming Dynasty for Chinese homes and other buildings
Tailiang (pillar and beam)
Chuandou (Pillars and transverse tie beams)
2 Main Kinds of Wooden Framing Systems
Dougongs
These are structural elements of interlocking wooden or corbelled brackets
Hutong
It is a type of narrow street or alley commonly associated with Northern Chinese cities
Siheyuan
It is joined to another to form a hutong and then joining one hutong to another to form neigborhoods
Tulou
It is a large, enclosed, and fortifies, earth building. It is rectangular or circular in configuration
Fujian Tulou
It composed of 46 earthen buildings. It is built along an inward-looking, circular, or square floor plan as housing for up to 800 people each
Fujian Tulou
It is known as " a little kingdom for the family" or "bustling small city"
Altars and Temples
Mausoleum
Gong
Ting
Tai
Lou
Ge
Ta
Parts of Imperial Architecture
Imperial Temples and Altars
These are places for worshiping heaven, earth, sun, moon, and the Imperial Ancestors
Sacrificial Offering
It is a kind of worshipping activities in the form of showing and offering material objects
Temple of Heaven and Earth
It is a sacrificial altar for the emperors of the Ming
and Qing dynasties. Used to worship heaven and pray for good harvest
The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests
The Imperial Vault of Heaven of Prayer
The Cirvular Mound Altar
3 Groups of Temple of Heaven and Earth
Circular Altar Mound
It is a round marble plate surrounded by a ring of 9 plates, then by 18 plates, and so on for a total of 9 surrounding rings
15th day of the 1st Lunar Month
This is when they offer sacrifices to ensure an abundamt grain harvests
Red
It is the imperial color for walls
Zhaigong (Abstinence Hall)
It is where the Emperor lives before he presents himself at the rites of heaven worship
Triple Gate
It is set between the round altar and the imperial vault
East Gate
Among the 3 gates of the Triple Gate, which part do the Emperor use to enter
Official
Who uses the west (left) part of the Triple Gate
Imperial Vault of Heaven
It resembles the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests but is smaller
Echo Wall
It is a smooth circular wall that can transmit sounds over large distances
4 Seasons
Symbology of the Temple Imperial Vault of Heaven: 4 Inner Pillars
12 Months of the Year
Symbology of the Temple Imperial Vault of Heaven: 12 Middle Pillars
12 Traditional Chinese Hours
Symbology of the Temple Imperial Vault of Heaven: 12 Outer Pillars
Mausoleums
These are built against the mountain and divided by valleys
Shendao
It refers to the Sacred Way. It is the broad path at the entrance with ornamental columns and stone sculptures of men and animals which guard the tombs on either side
Shendao
Dragon & Phoenix Gate
A Tablet
Gate of Eminent Favours
Hall of Eminent Favours
Side Halls
Minglou (Soul Tower)
Grave Mound
Subterranean/Underground Palace as the main part
Each Tomb Area of a Mausoleum consists of: (9)
Ming Tombs
It is located about 30 miles from beijing and contains the tombs of 13 of the 16 Emperors of the Ming Dynasty
Great Palace Gate
Part of the Ming Tombs that has 3 passageways
Stele Pavillion
It is 6.5 meters high stele on the back of a stone tortoise wighing 50 tons
Stele
It was names Tablet of the Divine Merit and Sage Virtue of Changeling of the Great Ming
Lattice Gate
It is also known as the Dragon and Phoenix gate
Changling
Dingling
Zhaoling
Three Ming Tombs that are open to visitors
Several Structures
Stone Gateway
Hall of Eminents Favours
These are contained in Changling: (3)
Minglou
It is the Soul Tower, which contains a stele inscribed with the name of the emperor
Gong
It refers to palace.
Gates of the Forbidden City
It consists of 81 gold-plating bronze studs which were arranged in nine columns and nine rows
Forbidden City
It is one of the greatest palaces of the world
Gong-cheng (Palace City)
Term used to call the Forbidden City after it grew into a veritable city
Qianqing-Gong (Palace of Heavenly Purity)
It is the quarters of the Qing Emperors
Kunning-Gong (Palace of Female Tranquility)
It is the living quarters of the empresses
Sanging Gong (Palace of Triple Purity)
It refers to the temples of Taoist Priests
Ting
It refers to pavilion or kiosk. It is built of wood or stone or bamboo with any of several shapes - square, triangle, hexagon, octagon, a five petal flower, a fan, and more.
True
True of Flase:
Tings are built on slopes to command the panorama. They can also be built by th elakeside to create intriguing images by water.
Liangting
Stele Pavilion
Other purposes of Tings
Liangting
It refers to cooling kiosk where the wayside pavilion provide weary wayfarers with a place for rest
Stele Pavilion
A purpose of Tings where it gives roof to a stone tablet to protect the engraved record of an important event
Bayounge Pavilion of Precious Clouds
The most celebrated bronze pavilion in Beijing's Summer Palace
Bayounge Pavilion of Precious Clouds
Its entire structure including its roof and columns is cast in bronze
Gold Pavilion
Another term for Bayounge Pavilion of Precious Clouds
Tai
It is an elevated terrace with a flat top; mostly built of earth, stone, and surfaced brick
Tai
It could be an observatory, watch towers, military purposes or beacon towers
Round City
It has a terrace five meters high with an area of 4500 sqm on its top and a main hall with side corridors
Beacon Towers
These are used to transmit urgent information with smoke by day and fire by night in emergency
Great Wall
It also has a square Tai at intervals of every 300 to 400 meters from which the defense force kept watch
Jianguomen
This tai in Beijing serves as an observatory
Lou
It is a building of two or more storeys with a horizontal main ridge
Lou
It housed a bif bell or drum which was used to toll hours
Zhong-lou
Term referring to bell towers
Gu-lou
Term referring to drum towers
Lou
These are usually palatial buildings with four slopes double caved, glazed roofs, all around verandas, and coloured and carved dougong brackets supporting the overhanging eaves.
Ge
It is similar to Lou (both multiple levels). It has a door and windows only on the front side with other three sides being solid walls
Ge
It is used for the storage of important articles and documents
Ge
These are towers used to shelter the colossal statues in great monasteries
Ta
It refers to Pagoda. It is also a symbol for a monastery
Flower Bud
It is the crown on top of Ta
4-8
How many small miniature pagodas are there around the main tower in Ta
Songyue Monastery of Dengfeng
It is where the oldest pagoda is located
Square Shape
Round Shape
2 Types of Houses during the Neolithic Period
Square Shape
This house type is dug into the ground 50-80 cm deep on square form with a slant slope leading to the cave from the ground
Round Shape
This house type is built on ground with small wooden pillars on all sides closely lined as walls with slanted roofs to help drain the rain and snow
Pounded Earth Foundation
Timber Framing
Bricks and Tiles
Materials and Techniques used in Houses and Dwellings during the Neolithic Period
Rammed Earth
Material used as foundation of a house during the neolithic period
Reverse Assembly
This assembly is when the roof and its ties are still carried on posts
Normal Assembly
This assembly contains rigid load-bearing walls that are more liable to fail in earthquakes
Cave Dwellings
These are common in northern China. It is used in the Provinces of Shaanxi and Shanxi
Cave Dwellings
It is carved out of the side of a cliff
South
This direction is considered as "holy"
Sunken Courtyards
These are rooms that are dug off the main courtyard
Horse's Head Wall
It refers to the fire wall in Southern Anhui Province. It originally served as fire barriers between houses to prevent the spread of flames that would catch in the wooden roof supports
Yurt
It refers to the traditional dwelling of inner Mongolians
Water Plants
These are preferable decor of roofs that are believed to 'protect' from fire
Zaojing
It is a coffer or caisson ceiling with elaborate wooden coffers bordered by a round, square, or polygon frame with its bracket projecting inward and upward from its base
Upturned eaves
These gave the roofs their distinctive graceful curved shapes
Rounded Tiles
These are commonly used in roofs with rows interlocked with one another
Ridge Beast
It is a protruding beast head (mythical animals) fixed on the lower corner end of the eaves to protect the beam head from rain
Makara
It refers to the water dragon who protects the structure against fire
Baoding
It refers to the "precious roof crown" or "treasure top"
Shanhua
It is the triangular wall formed on both sides
Roof Covering
Edging Finishing
Full-face Ridge
Full-face Ridge Decoration
Vertical Ridge
Diagonal Ridge
Eaves
Ridge Beast
Baoding
Shanhua
Roof Components (10)
Roof Covering
It is the roof surface; the part between the top and the eaves
Edging Finishing
Roof near the eaves often had a different color from the upper part
Full-face Ridge
It is the ridge at the highest point of the building roof formed by the intersection of the front and back slopes; viewed as a horizontal line from the front
Full Face Ridge Decoration
It refers to various decoration that are often set on the roof ridge
