HOA3: Chinese Architecture Part 2 (copy)

Sloping Roof

Part of timber frame with standing pillars formed a relatively fixed structure, while the walls only form the role of fencing

House Body

Part of timber frame that provides the living space

Terrace

It is a solid or hollow formed by timber frame

Clay

It is a common material for making tiles for roofing

Thatch and Bamboo

Common materials for the poor

Wood framework System

These were standardizes by the Ming Dynasty for Chinese homes and other buildings

Tailiang (pillar and beam)
Chuandou (Pillars and transverse tie beams)

2 Main Kinds of Wooden Framing Systems

Dougongs

These are structural elements of interlocking wooden or corbelled brackets

Hutong

It is a type of narrow street or alley commonly associated with Northern Chinese cities

Siheyuan

It is joined to another to form a hutong and then joining one hutong to another to form neigborhoods

Tulou

It is a large, enclosed, and fortifies, earth building. It is rectangular or circular in configuration

Fujian Tulou

It composed of 46 earthen buildings. It is built along an inward-looking, circular, or square floor plan as housing for up to 800 people each

Fujian Tulou

It is known as " a little kingdom for the family" or "bustling small city"

Altars and Temples
Mausoleum
Gong
Ting
Tai
Lou
Ge
Ta

Parts of Imperial Architecture

Imperial Temples and Altars

These are places for worshiping heaven, earth, sun, moon, and the Imperial Ancestors

Sacrificial Offering

It is a kind of worshipping activities in the form of showing and offering material objects

Temple of Heaven and Earth

It is a sacrificial altar for the emperors of the Ming
and Qing dynasties. Used to worship heaven and pray for good harvest

The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests
The Imperial Vault of Heaven of Prayer
The Cirvular Mound Altar

3 Groups of Temple of Heaven and Earth

Circular Altar Mound

It is a round marble plate surrounded by a ring of 9 plates, then by 18 plates, and so on for a total of 9 surrounding rings

15th day of the 1st Lunar Month

This is when they offer sacrifices to ensure an abundamt grain harvests

Red

It is the imperial color for walls

Zhaigong (Abstinence Hall)

It is where the Emperor lives before he presents himself at the rites of heaven worship

Triple Gate

It is set between the round altar and the imperial vault

East Gate

Among the 3 gates of the Triple Gate, which part do the Emperor use to enter

Official

Who uses the west (left) part of the Triple Gate

Imperial Vault of Heaven

It resembles the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests but is smaller

Echo Wall

It is a smooth circular wall that can transmit sounds over large distances

4 Seasons

Symbology of the Temple Imperial Vault of Heaven: 4 Inner Pillars

12 Months of the Year

Symbology of the Temple Imperial Vault of Heaven: 12 Middle Pillars

12 Traditional Chinese Hours

Symbology of the Temple Imperial Vault of Heaven: 12 Outer Pillars

Mausoleums

These are built against the mountain and divided by valleys

Shendao

It refers to the Sacred Way. It is the broad path at the entrance with ornamental columns and stone sculptures of men and animals which guard the tombs on either side

Shendao
Dragon & Phoenix Gate
A Tablet
Gate of Eminent Favours
Hall of Eminent Favours
Side Halls
Minglou (Soul Tower)
Grave Mound
Subterranean/Underground Palace as the main part

Each Tomb Area of a Mausoleum consists of: (9)

Ming Tombs

It is located about 30 miles from beijing and contains the tombs of 13 of the 16 Emperors of the Ming Dynasty

Great Palace Gate

Part of the Ming Tombs that has 3 passageways

Stele Pavillion

It is 6.5 meters high stele on the back of a stone tortoise wighing 50 tons

Stele

It was names Tablet of the Divine Merit and Sage Virtue of Changeling of the Great Ming

Lattice Gate

It is also known as the Dragon and Phoenix gate

Changling
Dingling
Zhaoling

Three Ming Tombs that are open to visitors

Several Structures
Stone Gateway
Hall of Eminents Favours

These are contained in Changling: (3)

Minglou

It is the Soul Tower, which contains a stele inscribed with the name of the emperor

Gong

It refers to palace.

Gates of the Forbidden City

It consists of 81 gold-plating bronze studs which were arranged in nine columns and nine rows

Forbidden City

It is one of the greatest palaces of the world

Gong-cheng (Palace City)

Term used to call the Forbidden City after it grew into a veritable city

Qianqing-Gong (Palace of Heavenly Purity)

It is the quarters of the Qing Emperors

Kunning-Gong (Palace of Female Tranquility)

It is the living quarters of the empresses

Sanging Gong (Palace of Triple Purity)

It refers to the temples of Taoist Priests

Ting

It refers to pavilion or kiosk. It is built of wood or stone or bamboo with any of several shapes - square, triangle, hexagon, octagon, a five petal flower, a fan, and more.

True

True of Flase:

Tings are built on slopes to command the panorama. They can also be built by th elakeside to create intriguing images by water.

Liangting
Stele Pavilion

Other purposes of Tings

Liangting

It refers to cooling kiosk where the wayside pavilion provide weary wayfarers with a place for rest

Stele Pavilion

A purpose of Tings where it gives roof to a stone tablet to protect the engraved record of an important event

Bayounge Pavilion of Precious Clouds

The most celebrated bronze pavilion in Beijing's Summer Palace

Bayounge Pavilion of Precious Clouds

Its entire structure including its roof and columns is cast in bronze

Gold Pavilion

Another term for Bayounge Pavilion of Precious Clouds

Tai

It is an elevated terrace with a flat top; mostly built of earth, stone, and surfaced brick

Tai

It could be an observatory, watch towers, military purposes or beacon towers

Round City

It has a terrace five meters high with an area of 4500 sqm on its top and a main hall with side corridors

Beacon Towers

These are used to transmit urgent information with smoke by day and fire by night in emergency

Great Wall

It also has a square Tai at intervals of every 300 to 400 meters from which the defense force kept watch

Jianguomen

This tai in Beijing serves as an observatory

Lou

It is a building of two or more storeys with a horizontal main ridge

Lou

It housed a bif bell or drum which was used to toll hours

Zhong-lou

Term referring to bell towers

Gu-lou

Term referring to drum towers

Lou

These are usually palatial buildings with four slopes double caved, glazed roofs, all around verandas, and coloured and carved dougong brackets supporting the overhanging eaves.

Ge

It is similar to Lou (both multiple levels). It has a door and windows only on the front side with other three sides being solid walls

Ge

It is used for the storage of important articles and documents

Ge

These are towers used to shelter the colossal statues in great monasteries

Ta

It refers to Pagoda. It is also a symbol for a monastery

Flower Bud

It is the crown on top of Ta

4-8

How many small miniature pagodas are there around the main tower in Ta

Songyue Monastery of Dengfeng

It is where the oldest pagoda is located

Square Shape
Round Shape

2 Types of Houses during the Neolithic Period

Square Shape

This house type is dug into the ground 50-80 cm deep on square form with a slant slope leading to the cave from the ground

Round Shape

This house type is built on ground with small wooden pillars on all sides closely lined as walls with slanted roofs to help drain the rain and snow

Pounded Earth Foundation
Timber Framing
Bricks and Tiles

Materials and Techniques used in Houses and Dwellings during the Neolithic Period

Rammed Earth

Material used as foundation of a house during the neolithic period

Reverse Assembly

This assembly is when the roof and its ties are still carried on posts

Normal Assembly

This assembly contains rigid load-bearing walls that are more liable to fail in earthquakes

Cave Dwellings

These are common in northern China. It is used in the Provinces of Shaanxi and Shanxi

Cave Dwellings

It is carved out of the side of a cliff

South

This direction is considered as "holy"

Sunken Courtyards

These are rooms that are dug off the main courtyard

Horse's Head Wall

It refers to the fire wall in Southern Anhui Province. It originally served as fire barriers between houses to prevent the spread of flames that would catch in the wooden roof supports

Yurt

It refers to the traditional dwelling of inner Mongolians

Water Plants

These are preferable decor of roofs that are believed to 'protect' from fire

Zaojing

It is a coffer or caisson ceiling with elaborate wooden coffers bordered by a round, square, or polygon frame with its bracket projecting inward and upward from its base

Upturned eaves

These gave the roofs their distinctive graceful curved shapes

Rounded Tiles

These are commonly used in roofs with rows interlocked with one another

Ridge Beast

It is a protruding beast head (mythical animals) fixed on the lower corner end of the eaves to protect the beam head from rain

Makara

It refers to the water dragon who protects the structure against fire

Baoding

It refers to the "precious roof crown" or "treasure top"

Shanhua

It is the triangular wall formed on both sides

Roof Covering
Edging Finishing
Full-face Ridge
Full-face Ridge Decoration
Vertical Ridge
Diagonal Ridge
Eaves
Ridge Beast
Baoding
Shanhua

Roof Components (10)

Roof Covering

It is the roof surface; the part between the top and the eaves

Edging Finishing

Roof near the eaves often had a different color from the upper part

Full-face Ridge

It is the ridge at the highest point of the building roof formed by the intersection of the front and back slopes; viewed as a horizontal line from the front

Full Face Ridge Decoration

It refers to various decoration that are often set on the roof ridge