ATP water and inorganic molecules

examples of inorganic ions

iron in haemoglobin
sodium
hydrogen
potassium

explain the polarity of water

water is polar as oxygen is neg and hydrogen is positive
the polarity of water makes it an excellent solvent in the cytoplasm
chemical reaction occur faster in the cell when in a solution

hydrogen bonding in water

adjacent molecules are attracted between the positive H and the negative O the hydrogen bonding between water molecules causes cohesion which causes surface tension. cohesion is required for water transport in a plant causing water to be pulled up the xylem in a continuous column

high specific heat capacity in water

a lot of energy is needed to break the hydrogen bonds and raise the temperature
ie body temperature remains stable
makes water a good habitat as the temperature does not change much

high latent heat of vaporisation of water

a lot of energy is needed to break the hydrogen bonds to form water
ie a lot of heat energy can be removed through evaporation of water during sweating to cool the body without loosing too much water

water as a metabolite

water is required for hydrolysis and water is produced during condensation reactions

how does ATP provide energy to the cell during respiration

during respiration the energy stored in glucose is not released directly
instead the energy released is used to form adenosine triphosphate
when ATP is hydrolysed it releases energy for processes

what is the structure of ATP

it is a nucleotide derivative and contains adenine and ribose sugar and 3 phosphate groups

contrast the structures of ATP and a nucleotide found in DNA

atp has a ribose and dna nucleotide has deoxyribose
atp has 3 phosphate groups and dna nucleotides has 1 phosphate
atp base always has adenine dna the base varies

ATP hydrolysis

the release of energy from ATP is released through the hydrolysis to form ADP and Pi requiring ATP hydrolase

making atp

made in a condensation reaction requiring ATP synthase

why is ATP useful

energy is released in small and useable amounts
it adds phosphate to molecules to make them more reactive
it can be reformed
it is soluble
a single step reaction