Must-Know Neurotransmitters and Hormones

These flashcards cover key neurotransmitters and hormones, their functions, and impacts on the body.

Dopamine

Involved in reward, motivation, and motor control. Low levels are linked to Parkinson's disease, reduced motivation, and anhedonia; high levels are associated with schizophrenia and addiction.

Serotonin

Regulates mood, sleep, and appetite. Low levels are associated with depression, anxiety, and OCD.

Norepinephrine

Influences alertness and arousal. Low levels can lead to low energy and lack of focus; high levels are linked to anxiety and stress.

Glutamate

Primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. High levels can cause excitotoxicity and seizures; low levels may lead to fatigue.

GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)

Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter. Low levels are linked to anxiety, insomnia, and seizures; high levels can cause sedation.

Endorphins

Natural painkillers and mood enhancers. Low levels can increase pain sensitivity and contribute to depression; high levels lead to reduced pain and feelings of euphoria.

Substance P

Involved in pain perception.

Acetylcholine

Involved in muscle action, learning, and memory. Low levels are associated with Alzheimer's disease and impaired memory; high levels can cause muscle spasms.

Adrenaline

Prepares body for fight-or-flight response. Chronically high levels can lead to anxiety and high blood pressure.

Leptin

Regulates energy balance by inhibiting hunger. High levels are often associated with leptin resistance and obesity.

Ghrelin

Stimulates appetite. High levels can lead to increased hunger and potentially obesity.

Melatonin

Regulates sleep-wake cycles. Low levels can lead to insomnia and disrupted sleep patterns.

Oxytocin

Facilitates social bonding and emotional connections. Low levels may contribute to social difficulties.