History of Architecture 2

A long, continuous semicircular vault that forms a tunnel-like ceiling, created by extending a single arch along a straight length

Barrel Vault

A vault formed by the perpendicular intersection of two barrel vaults, allowing better load distribution and larger openings

Groin Vault

A vault supported by a framework of intersecting ribs that carry the load, making construction lighter and more flexible

Ribbed Vault

An external arched structural support that transfers roof loads away from walls to piers, enabling taller buildings and bigger windows

Flying Buttress

A projecting support attached to a wall to strengthen it and resist lateral forces, especially in masonry structures

Buttress

The main central space of a church where the congregation gathers, typically long and aligned toward the altar

Nave

The transverse arm that crosses the nave, forming a cruciform or cross-shaped plan

Transept

A semicircular or polygonal space at the end of a church, usually where the altar is placed

Apse

The upper portion of a wall with windows that bring natural light into large interior spaces

Clerestory

A rectangular layout with a central nave, side aisles, and an apse, derived from Roman public hall buildings

Basilica Plan

A building layout organized around a central point, often circular or symmetrical, emphasizing balance and unity

Centralized Plan

The balanced arrangement of elements on either side of an axis, creating visual order, stability, and harmony

Symmetry in Architecture

The relationship between the sizes of different elements to achieve a visually pleasing and harmonious composition

Proportion in Architecture

The size of a building or element in relation to human dimensions or surrounding elements

Scale

A proportional system (1:1.618) used to achieve aesthetically pleasing and naturally balanced design compositions

Golden Ratio

A design principle stating that the shape and form of a building should be based primarily on its intended use or purpose

“form follows function”

A modernist idea that simplicity, clarity, and minimal elements create stronger architectural expression

“less is more”

A postmodern reaction that promotes complexity, ornamentation, and expressive design over strict simplicity

“less is a bore”

Vertical columns that elevate a building above ground level, freeing the ground space for circulation or open use

Pilotis

An interior layout without load-bearing walls, allowing flexible arrangement of spaces

Free Plan

An exterior wall that is independent of structural supports, allowing more design freedom and openings

Free Facade

A continuous horizontal strip of windows that provides even daylight and emphasizes horizontal design

Ribbon Window

A flat roof designed as a usable planted space, contributing to insulation and environmental performance

Roof Garden

The overall three-dimensional form, volume, and shape of a building as perceived from the outside

Massing

The organization of spaces according to importance, guiding how users experience and move through a building

Hierarchy in Architecture

An imaginary line used to organize, align, and structure spaces within a design

Axis in Planning

The system of movement paths that people follow within a building or space

Circulation

The division of spaces based on function, such as public, private, or service areas

Zoning

The repetition of elements like columns, windows, or patterns to create visual movement and continuity

Rhythm

The use of opposing elements such as light and dark or large and small to create visual interest

Contrast

The harmonious integration of all design elements into a cohesive and consistent whole

Unity

A vertical structural element that supports loads from above and transfers them to the foundation

Column

A massive vertical support, often rectangular, used to carry heavy loads in structures like bridges or churches

Pier

Standardized column styles—Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian—each defined by specific proportions and decorative features

Classical Orders

A triangular gable placed above a row of columns, commonly found in classical architecture

Pediment

The horizontal structure above columns composed of the architrave, frieze, and cornice

Entablature

Architecture focused on efficiency and function, often using steel, iron, and glass for large-span structures

Industrial Architecture

The process of repurposing existing buildings for new uses while preserving their historical or structural value

Adaptive Reuse

Traditional building design that uses local materials and responds to climate, culture, and available resources

Vernacular Architecture

A design approach that uses algorithms and parameters to generate complex, flexible, and often organic forms

Parametric Design

Designing buildings to minimize environmental impact through energy efficiency and responsible resource use

Sustainability

A beam or structural element that extends beyond its support and is fixed at only one end

Cantilever

Materials or methods used to reduce heat transfer between the interior and exterior of a building

Thermal Insulation

The arrangement, design, and placement of windows and openings in a building

Fenestration

The natural shape, elevation, and features of the land

Topography