Ap psych Unit 10

Psychological Disorder

a dysfunction which produces behaviors with all four of the following characteristics (MUDA):

Maladaptive - destructive/disruptive to self/others

Unjustifiable - having no rational basis

Disturbing - upsetting to you and/or others

Atypical - in violation of cultural norm

Medical Model

takes the perspective that mental illnesses have physical causes that can be treated and cured (focus on nature)

Biopsychosocial model

Psychological disorders result from a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, emphasizing the comprehensive and interconnected nature of influences on mental health

Diathesis-stress model

psychological disorders arise from a predisposing genetic vulnerability (diathesis) combined w/ stressful environmental factors (stress) triggering the onset of mental health issues

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)

comprehensive classification. system used by mental health professionals to diagnose and categorize mental disorders, providing standardized criteria and descriptions for consistent use acros clinical settings

International classification of mental disorders (ICD)

global standard for reporting and categorizing diseases, including mental and behavioral disorders, used by healthcare professionals to diagnose conditions/ track health trends worldwide

Stigma

the negative stereotypes and social disapproval directed at individuals w/ mental disorders, often leading to discrimination and barriers to seeking/receiving mental health care

Dorothea Dix

fought for humane treatment of the mentally ill and sought to revamp mental institutions

Major Depressive Disorder

pervasive/persistent low mood accompanied by low self-esteem and a loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities, significantly impacting daily functions

Persistent depressive disorder

Chronic, depressed mood lasting for at least 2 years, with symptoms that are less severe but longer-lasting than those of major depression, affects daily functions

Mania

Elevated/expansive/irritable mood, increased energy and activity levels, decreased need for sleep (restlessness), more talkative than usual, racing thoughts/ideas, increased goal directed activity or physical activity, involvemnet in risky activities

Bipolar Disorders

characterized by alternating periods of mania and depressions with bipolar cycling involving shifts between these mood states that can vary in duration and intensity (affects 3% of population)

BPD I

Characterized by at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes, causing significant impairment in daily functioning (more severe)

BPD II

characterized by at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode, w/o ever having a full manic episode leading to distress/impairment

Rumination

Overthinking about problems

Global attribution

overgeneralizing from a single bad event

Stable attribution/fixed mindset

assuming something bad will last forever

Anxiety disorders

characterized by excessive fear and anxiety that lead to significant disturbances in behavior

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

persistent and excessive worry about various aspects of daily life, accompanied by physical symptoms such as restlessness, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating, which are not tied to any specific causes

Panic Disorder

recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, sudden episodes of intense fear or discomfort that peak w/in minutes, accompanied by physical symptoms like heart palpitations, ongoing concern about having additional attacks

Specific Phobia

psychological disorder characterized by an intense and irrational fear of a specific object or situation, leading to significant distress and avoidance behavior that disrupts daily functioning

Acrophobia

intense and persistent fear of heights, causing significant anxiety and avoidance behavior that can interfere w/ daily activities and functioning

Arachnophobia

intense/irrational fear of spiders, leading to excessive anxiety and avoidance behavoirs that disrupt normal functioning

Agoraphobia

intense fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable, often leading to avoidance of places like public spaces,crowds

ataque de nervios

episodes of intense emotional distress, dramatic expressions of emotion, such as screaming/crying, sometimes uncontrollable physical symptoms like shaking (observed among ppl w/ caribbean backgrounds)

social anxiety disorder

significant/persistent fear of social situations where embarrassment or scrutiny may occur, leading to avoidance behaviors and severe anxiety about performing or interacting in social situations

Taijin Kyofusho

observed in japan, intense fear of offending or embarrassing others through one’s bodily functions/appearance, lead to avoidant behaviors

OCD

recurrent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) that a person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, typically aimed at reducing an anxiety

PTSD

mental/emotional stress following exposure to a traumatic event, featuring symptoms such as intrusive memories (flashbacks), avoidance of reminders of trauma and heightened reactivity

Somatic Symptom Disorders

Physical symptoms that aren’t scientifically explained by physical/mental disorders, people suffering from these disorders are not faking the symptoms (commonly appears as pain, vomiting, dizziness, blurred vision, etc.)

Conversion disorder

a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found (functional neurological symptom disorder)

Illness anxiety disorder (hypochondriasis)

person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

Dissociative Disorders

disruptions/discontinues in consciousness,memory identity or perception, leading to impairment in daily functions

Depersonalization

sense of detachment from oneself or an out of body experience

Derealization

sense of detachment from ones surroundings, in which the world seems unreal

Dissociative amnesia

involves an inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually of a traumatic/stressful event

Dissociative fuge

sudden unexpected travel away from home with an inability to recall ones past and confusion about personal identity

Dissociative Identity Disorder

presence of two or more distinct personality states or identities, each with its own pattern of perceiving and interacting with the world, resulting in gaps in memory and a disrupted sense of self (alter-egos)

Paranoid (odd/eccentric personality disorder)

Pervasive distrust of others, tendency to withdrawal from people, strong sense of self-importance/personal rights, overly sensitive to setbacks

Schizoid (odd/eccentric personality disorder)

detached/aloof, no desire for social relationships, able to function well just not form strong relationships w/ other because they may be distressing/overwhelming

Schizotypal (odd/eccentric personality disorder)

oddities of appearance,behavoir,speech— may include strange beliefs/magical thinking, often fears social interaction and sees others to have ill-intentions

Antisocial (dramatic/impulsive personality disorder)

lack of concern for the feelings of others, disregards social rules/obligations, person is irritable/aggressive/acts impulsively/lacks guilt (trouble keeping stable relationships)

BPD (dramatic/impulsive personality disorder)

person lacks sense of self, experiences feelings of emptiness/fears abandonment, is emotionally unstable, impulsive behavior, borderlines between neurotic and psychotic

Histrionic (dramatic/impulsive personality disorder)

lack sense of self-worth, depend on others for attention/approval, seem dramatic to attract/manipulate attention, interactions w/ others seem insincere/superficial (sensitive to rejection/failure)

Narcissistic (dramatic/impulsive personality disorder)

person has grandiose sense of self-importance/entitlement/need to be admired, usually lacks empathy/exploits others to achieve goals (self-absorbed,controlling,selfish)

Anankastic (anxiety related personality disorder)

characterized by excessive preoccupation w/ details, rules, lists, organization, perfectionism so extreme that it prevents a task from being completed, person is doubtful/cautious

avoidant (anxiety related personality disorder)

person is persistently tense because they believe to be socially inept/unappealing/inferior, leads to fear of being embarrassed/criticized/rejected, person will avoid meeting ppl unless certain of being liked by them

Dependent (anxiety related personality disorder)

person has lack of self-confidence, needs help to make everyday decisions, fears abandonment, tries to put fate in hands of others