history final

Which Euro country was the first to industrialize?

United Kingdom

 Briefly explain the idea of mercantilism and how it applied to European colonization of the world.

Mercantilism is the idea that colonies exist to benefit the mother country

Briefly explain changes in population spurred by the Age of Exploration

Indigenous peoples were killed by Europeans, Europeans inhabited larger amounts of the world.

Briefly explain why the use of reason was important to the Enlightenment.

It could discover truths about the world, religion, and politics and could be used to improve the lives of humankind

Briefly explain Enlightenment thought on government.

Favored a more democratic form of government

Briefly explain the main causes of the French Revolution.

Absolutism, enlightenment ideas, food shortages, and the American Revolution

Which European powers were the early leaders in exploration of the America’s?

Portugal and Spain

Put the following in date order:

a. The French Revolution

b. Age of Enlightenment

c. Scientific Revolution

d. Renaissance

e. Industrial Revolution

Renaissance, Scientific Revolution, Age of Enlightenment, French Revolution, Industrial Revolution

Briefly define the Third Estate and why it was important to the French Revolution

The third estate was the largest group but had none of the privileges of the other groups

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10\. Who paid the most taxes under Louis XVI?

The third estate

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11\. Briefly explain the Reign of Terror.

a period of state-sanctioned violence and mass executions during the French Revolution. Robespierre, the Jacobins, and the Committee of Public Safety are responsible for it

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12\. Briefly explain why Robespierre was important to the French Revolution.

Robespierre encouraged the execution, mostly by guillotine, of more than 17,000 enemies of the Revolution.

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13\. Briefly explain why the Jacobins were important to the French Revolution.

The Jacobins were a catalyst in the French Revolution and supported the French Constitution of 1791, which established France as a constitutional monarchy.

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14\. How were Robespierre and Napoleon similar?

They both increased power during the French Rev, they both wanted stability and fought for their beliefs

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15\. Briefly explain the results of the French Revolution.

Put an end to the French Monarchy

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16\. How did Napoleon fund his army when he ran short of cash?

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17\.  Briefly explain the unification of Germany.

started by Otto von Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian war of 1866; ended with a war in France

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18\. Briefly explain the unification of Italy.

Italy becomes a united nation (hasn’t been since the fall of the Roman Empire) due to the work of many individuals. Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, etc.

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19\. What role did Nationalism play in the unification of European nations?

It led to competition between nations which was an issue in unifying Europe

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20\. Briefly explain the results of the Industrial Revolution.

shifted societies from an agrarian economy to a manufacturing economy where products were no longer made solely by hand but by machines

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21\. Briefly explain the rise of Otto von Bismarck.

He became Germany’s first ever chancellor when he was appointed to prime minister by the king

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22\. What natural resources were key to the Industrial Revolution?

coal and iron

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23\. Briefly explain the role railroads played in the development of the Industrial Revolution.

They allowed products to be transferred across the country more easily

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24\. Briefly explain the views of Karl Marx.

He believed capitalism alienated the masses and that they would naturally revolt and lead communism

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25\. Define and explain Social Darwinism.

Social darwinism is the concept that some groups of people are more fit for survival than others.

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26\. What motivated European colonization of Africa?

They wanted to exploit the natural resources

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27\. How did the British approach the colonization of major portions of the world?

Britain used techniques including religious suppression, apartheid-style division, and well-organized violence 

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28\. What were the main hurdles to Indian Independence?

religious violence, naxalism, terrorism and regional separatist insurgencies

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29\. What were the results of the Berlin Conference of 1884?

the conference resolved to end slavery by African and Islamic powers.

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30\. What was Gandhi’s approach to Indian Independence?

He believed in one unified India and approached it peacefully

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31\. Briefly explain Japanese expansionism in Eastern Asia at the turn of the twentieth century.

Severe shortages of natural resources drove the Japanese to expand to more research rich areas

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32\. How did European nations approach early 20th Century trade with China?

Many Europeans followed the silk road

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33\. Who were the winners and losers of WWI?

Winners- France, England, Romania, Italy, Poland, Baltic states, Greece

Losers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, Russia. France-.

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34\. What were the terms of the Versailles Peace Treaty?

required the new German Government to surrender approximately 10 percent of its prewar territory in Europe and all of its overseas possession

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35\. How did the fall of the Ottoman Empire impact the rise of the nation of Turkey?

It inspired the Turkish nation

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36\. How did the economic instability of the 1930’s impact Europe?

The unemployment rate rose

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37\. How did Stalin attempt to solve the Soviet economic problems?

He sought to build socialism through a “revolution from above” system

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38\. How did the League of Nations attempt to limit aggressive nations in the 1930’s?

They used trading sanctions to place economic roadblocks in the way of countries who were being aggressive toward other countries.

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39\. What were the main causes of the Russian Revolution?

labor unrest, abuse of liberties, incompetent government, and costs of WWI

 Briefly explain the following in relation to WWII:

Socialism

Fascism

Liberalism

Ethnocentrism

fascism led to WWII

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41\. Briefly explain the Nuremberg Trials.

Nazi Germany leaders stood trial for crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity

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42\. Briefly explain the meaning of the phrase “human rights violations.”

The disallownace of a freedom seen as a right that all humans have

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43\. What were the typical symbols of Soviet Communism?

The hammer and sickle

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44\. What occurred at Chernobyl in 1986?

A reactor at the nuclear power plant at Chernobyl, Ukraine, went out of control leading to an explosion and released large amounts of radiation into the atmosphere

Briefly explain each of the following concepts:

a. economic prosperity

b. collective security

c. self-determination

d. freedom of religion

All of these things are part of the Church hill speech (what)

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46\. What nations were formed as a result of the breakup of the Soviet Union?

Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan (15)

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47\. Briefly explain apartheid and how it was ended.

A former political system in South Africa that legally separated races. It ended through external pressure and internal protests in the early 90’s

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48\. Briefly explain Zionism

Jews around the world wanted to create a homeland

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49\. Briefly explain the Great Leap Forward

The government moved the peasants to the cities

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50\. Briefly explain the impact of the Long March on Chinese History

It made Maos a communist revolutionary

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51\. What countries are currently attempting to obtain nuclear arms today in the world?

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**Iran**, Britain, France, China, India, Israel, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia, and the United States.

Kemal Ataturk

Turkish nationalist who founded modern Turkish stategr

Collectivation

system where private farms are eliminated

India Partition

in 1947, independence was granted to British India which was divided into two different countries, Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. perhaps the most enduring and damaging outcome of colonial rule

Ethnocentrism

evaluation of another culture according to the standards of one’s own culture

Growth of Middle class

emerged during industrial revolution

Formation of Labor Unions

workers formed labor unions to fight to improve the pay and working conditions of workers