synapses

Astrocytes have highly ramified processes that contact neuronal synapses:

 

True

 

False

 

true

Individual astrocytes have overlapping territories with other astrocytes:

 

True

 

False

false

Single astrocytes contact the dendrites of only one neuron:

 

True

 

False

false

You are conducting an experiment to test the membrane properties of astrocytes using voltage clamp. In response to a 100mV depolarizing voltage step, which current response are you likely to observe:

 

Activation of voltage gated potassium channels

 

Activation of voltage gated sodium channels

 Passive current response

No current response

Passive current response

Which of the following is a true statement about G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) activation:

 

GPCR stimulation increases intracellular calcium in astrocytes

 

GPCR stimulation increases intracellular calcium in neurons but not astrocytes

 

GPCR stimulation has no effect on astrocytes

 

GPCR stimulation increases action potential activity of astrocytes

GPCR stimulation increases intracellular calcium in astrocytes

The tripartite synapse includes:

 

Capillaries, presynaptic terminal, and postsynaptic spine

 

Two presynaptic terminals and one postsynaptic spine

 

Blood vessel, astrocyte process, and neuronal cell body

 

Astrocyte process, presynaptic terminal, postsynaptic spine

Astrocyte process, presynaptic terminal, postsynaptic spine

Glutamate uptake by astrocytes is important for:

 

Prolonging synaptic transmission

 

Neurovascular coupling

 

Ionic homeostasis

 

Limiting excitotoxicity

Limiting excitotoxicity

Calcium signaling at astrocyte endfeet leads to:

 

Vasodilation of arteries

 

Vasodilation of veins

 

Vasoconstriction of arteries

 

Vasoconstriction of veins

Vasodilation of arteries

BAPTA can be used to chelate intracellular calcium in neurons but not astrocytes:

 

True

 

False

F

 In the auditory cortex of mice, astrocyte responses to electrical footshocks are largely mediated by receptors for:

 

Acetylcholine

 

Glutamate

 

GABA

 

Bradykinin

Acetylcholine

Movements that are planned are faster and more accurate.

 

True

 

False

 

t

The rodent barrel cortex predominantly represents information about which sense organ:

 

Skin

 

Ears

 

Eyes

 

Whiskers

Whiskers

Which of the following task can be used to study motor planning:

 

Directional lick task with no response delay

 

Somatosensory discrimination task with no response delay

 

Visual discrimination task with a response delay

 

Olfactory discrimination task with no requirement for movement

Visual discrimination task with a response delay

Optogenetic activation of GABAergic neurons does not efficiently decrease activity in the cortex:

 

True

 

False

f

In a sensorimotor task with a response delay, optogenetic inactivation of the sensory cortex during which of the following temporal epochs is likely to have the biggest behavioral effect:

 

Reward epoch

 

Sensory epoch

 

Movement epoch

 

Delay epoch

Sensory epoch

Which part of the motor cortex is important for directional movements of the tongue:

 

Posterior parietal cortex

 

Anterior lateral motor cortex

 

Barrel cortex

 

Visual cortex

Anterior lateral motor cortex

You are recording activity from the ALM portion of the motor cortex during a directional licking delayed response task. What type of activity are you most likely to observe:

 

Activity during the sensory and movement epochs

 

Activity only during the sensory epoch

 

Activity during the delay and movement epochs

 

Activity only during the movement epoch

Activity during the delay and movement epochs

Which statement is true:

 

Intratelencephalic neurons project to the medulla

 

Pyramidal tract neurons do not project to the medulla

 

Intratelencephalic neurons project to the cortex

 

Pyramidal tract neurons project to the cortex

Intratelencephalic neurons project to the cortex

Which brain areas are the two major targets of pyramidal tract neurons:

 

Medulla and Thalamus

 

Striatum and barrel cortex

 

Medulla and striatum

 

Visual cortex and barrel cortex

Medulla and Thalamus

In a delayed response task, medulla targeting cortical neurons have the most prominent activity during:

 

Movement epoch

 

Sensory and delay epoch

 

Delay epoch

 

Sensory epoch

Movement epoch

Covert attention is deployed by moving sense organs:

 

True

 

False

f

Which of the following is a true statement:

 

Attention only be deployed voluntarily

 

Attention prioritizes select stimuli for processing at the expense of others

 

Attention prioritizes all stimuli for processing

 

Attention prioritizes select stimuli for processing without affecting processing of others

Attention prioritizes select stimuli for processing at the expense of others

In the posner task, how do invalid cues affect behavioral performance compared to a valid cue:

 

Their effect depends on size of the visual stimuli

 

Decrease behavioral performance

 

Increase behavioral performance

 

Do not change behavioral performance

Decrease behavioral performance

When recording the activity of visual cortex neurons, you expect:

 

Visual stimuli in any part of space to evoke activity

 

Spatially random receptive field organization

 

Neurons in the same cortical column to have overlapping receptive fields

 

Different layers within the cortical column to have different receptive fields

Neurons in the same cortical column to have overlapping receptive fields

Increasing the contrast of visual stimuli decreases visual cortex activity

 

True

 

False

f

Deploying attention to the receptive field location of an attention-modulated neuron in V4:

 

Increases its activity

 

Changes its receptive field

 

Does not affect its activity

 

Decreases its activity

Increases its activity

According to the contrast gain model, attention changes activity of visual cortical neurons by:

 

Increasing responses more for lower than higher contrast stimuli

 

Decreasing responses regardless of stimulus contrast

 

Increasing responses more for higher than lower contrast stimuli

 

Increasing responses regardless of stimulus contrast

Increasing responses more for lower than higher contrast stimuli

Frontoparietal network is a source of attentional signals to visual cortical areas

 

True

 

False

True

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) expressing cortical interneurons disinhibit pyramidal neurons primarily by:

 

Directly exciting pyramidal neurons

 

Inhibiting parvalbumin (PV) expressing interneurons

 

Inhibiting somatostatin (SOM) expressing interneurons

 

Exciting other VIP neurons

Inhibiting somatostatin (SOM) expressing interneurons

In mice, cingulate cortex inputs to the visual cortex modulate the activity of individual cortical neurons by:

 

Enhancing responses to preferred stimuli

 

Changing the preferred orientation

 

Enhancing responses to non-preferred stimuli

 

Decreasing responses to preferred stimuli

Enhancing responses to preferred stimuli

Which of the following is currently a unique advantage of extracellular electrophysiology compared to calcium imaging for neuronal activity recordings:

 

Single cell resolution

 

Single action potential resolution

 

Non invasiveness

 

Long-term stability

Single action potential resolution

Electrophysiology electrodes are often coated with a fluorescent dye to:

 

Increase the number of neurons that can be recorded

 

Decrease brain damage

 

Track the location of the recording

 

Decrease the recording noise

Track the location of the recording

How could you record inhibitory postsynaptic currents coming onto a neuron in vivo:

 

Extracellular electrophysiology

 

Loose seal recordings

 

Whole cell patch clamp recording

 

Local field potential recording

Whole cell patch clamp recording

You are designing an experiment to assess what information brain area A communicates to area B during a well-defined behavior. Which technique is best suited to address this question?

 

Calcium imaging in area B from axon terminals of area A

 

Electrode recording from area A

 

Calcium imaging from dendrites of neurons in area B

 

Electrode recording from area B

Calcium imaging in area B from axon terminals of area A

Which of the following statements is true:

 

Two-photon microscopy uses a pinhole to achieve optical sectioning

 

Two-photon microscopy allows localized fluorophore excitation

 

Confocal microscopy collects out of focus emitted light

 

One-photon microscopy allows localized fluorophore excitation

Two-photon microscopy allows localized fluorophore excitation

Genetically encoded calcium sensors like GCaMP can be excited with:

 

Two-photon but not one-photon excitation

 

One-photon but not two-photon excitation

 

No light excitation is required

 

One- or two-photon excitation

One- or two-photon excitation

What’s a unique advantage of using genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI) like GCaMP over synthetic calcium indicators like Fura-2:

 

 

GECI can be expressed faster than synthetic indicators

 

GECI do not require co-factors to work properly

 

GECI enable optical detection of neuronal activity

 

GECI can be targeted to subcellular compartments

GECI can be targeted to subcellular compartments

Which statement is true:

 

Optogenetics can be restricted to specific cell populations

 

Optogenetics and chemogenetics cannot be combined together

 

Electrical stimulation can be restricted to specific cell populations

 

Chemogenetics allows fine temporal control over neuronal activity

Optogenetics can be restricted to specific cell populations

Chemogenetics offers finer temporal control over neuronal activity than optogenetics:

 

True

 

False

false

Which of the following can be used to activate neurons:

 

GCaMP6f

 

Halorhodopsin

 

Fura-2

 

Channelrhodopsin

Channelrhodopsin