Intro to cyber mod7/8 privacy/ethics

Security

protection of an individual, organization, network, etc. from threats.

Privacy

A right for individual to seclude themselves from others and to manage their own information. Built into the 4th Amendment

Public Interest

Can affect the right to privacy if it is a matter of.

Personally Identifiable Information (PII)

Information that can be used to identify an individual.

Direct Identifier

Information that can be used to identify a singular individual.

Quasi/Pseudo-identifier

Information that normally cannot identify an individual, but can do so when combined with other information.

Protected Health Information (PHI)

Any information in a medical record that can identify and individual and that was created, used or disclosed in the course of providing a health care service.

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPPA)

Regulates the use and disclosure of PHI by “covered entities.”

Notice of Privacy Practices (NPP)

Details the ways in which the entity can (and cannot) use and disclose the patient’s data.

Fair Information Practice Principles (FIPPS)

A set of eight principles that inform privacy policies in both the government and private sector.

FIPPS Principle 1: Data Quality and Integrity

Any PII should be relevant to purposes it is needed for and should be accurate, complete, and up to date.

FIPPS Principle 2: Collection Limitation / Data Minimization

PII should be collected solely for the specified purpose, and retained only for as long as is necessary to fulfill that purpose.

FIPPS Principle 3: Use Limitation

PII should not be disclosed, published or otherwise used for any purpose other than those specified, except with consent of the individual or by the authority of law.

FIPPS Principle 4: Security / Safeguards:

Agencies should institute reasonable security safeguards to protect PII against loss, unauthorized access, destruction, misuse, modification, etc.

FIPPS Principle 5: Accountability and Auditing

Agency personnel and contractors are accountable for complying with FIPPs, providing training to all employees and contractors who used PII, and for auditing the actual use and storage of PII

FIPPS Principle 6: Openness / Transparency

Agencies should be transparent and provide notice to the individual regarding collection, use, dissemination, and maintenance of PII.

FIPPS Principle 7: Individual Participation

Individuals should be involved in the use of their PII, and to the extent practical, provide consent for its collection, use, dissemination, and maintenance. Individuals should likewise be provided with means of accessing and correcting PII and it use.

FIPPS Principle 8: Purpose Specification

An entity collecting PII should specifically articulate the authority that permits them to do so, and articulate the purpose for which it is intended to be used.

Ethics / Moral Philosophy

Branch of Philosophy concerned with exploring, systematizing, and defending concepts of right and wrong as they pertain to conduct.

Cyberspace is a Dark environment

• Anonymity diminishes accountability

• Most of the internet is inaccessible by search engines.

Cyberspace creates Distance

• Actors may not understand or be aware of the consequences

• Consequences may not have the same emotional or moral impact

• Leads to “online disinhibition” effect

Cyberspace is a New Domain

• Tech are released more quickly than laws.

• Most people don’t understand how the technologies work

• Creates a “frontier mentality” and a sense of impunity

Right to be anonymous

The ability to forgo being identified and/or tracked, especially when engaging in digital activity

Right to Disconnect

The ability to disengage from digital activity, pause communications, tracking, monitoring, etc.

Right to be inefficient

The ability to think and act more slowly than machines

Right to be inefficient

The ability to think and act more slowly than machines

Right to involve humans

The ability for companies and services to employ and interact with humans instead of machines

Right to remain Natural

The ability to function in society without integrating technology into ones body

Utilitarianism

Proposes that action be evaluated according to the benefit they provide to the affected parties. This is a form of continentalism wherein morality is determined by the consequences of actions.
Comes in two main forms, Act and Rule.

Act Utilitarianism

“In any given situation, choose the action that produces the greatest good for the greatest number.”

Rule Utilitarianism

“In any given situation, act according to rules that when applied generally, will likely lead to the greatest good for the greatest number.”

Deontology

Philosophy that proposes that actions be evaluated by their adherence to a set of rules or principles, independent of their consequences. It can be described as “duty-based” ethics.

Hypothetical Imperative

A rule that someone ought to follow to achieve a desire, and is mostly unrelated to moral reasoning

Categorical Imperative

A rule that someone absolutely must follow in order to remain moral. Determined by formulas, which are guidelines for creating and following moral rules. Namely the universalizability and humanity principles.

Universalizability Principle

“Act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it become a universal law.” (essentially act ethically by having your actions be rational, consistent, and applicable to all rational beings.)

Humanity Principle

“So act that you use humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end, never merely as a means.” (just be respectful and act with dignity towards people and not as means to in end or tools.)

Social Contract Theory

Proposes morality as a set of rules that people agree to accept for their mutual benefit, on the condition that others follow those rules as well. Therefore, morality can be determined by the society an action would create if deemed acceptable.

Virtue Theory

Proposes that morality is determined by virtues (a set of character traits) to which a person should aspire. These virtues may include honesty, courage, generosity, etc. Virtue however, must be balanced to ensure a person does not behave in opposition to that virtue or with overzealous commitment.

Deficit of honesty

Might cause someone to lie for their own personal gain, or fail to speak out against an injustice when it occurs.

Excess of Honesty

Might cause someone to provide more information than is necessary, or to speak without grace or tact.