Studied by 2 people
what is place?
location of constriction
bilabial, labiodental, linguadental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal
what is manner?
degree or type of constriction
stop, fricative, affricate, nasals, liquids, glides
what is voicing?
presence or absence of VF vibration
voiced: voice is on
voiceless: voice is off
PLACE
what are the bilabial consonants?
p, b, m, w
PLACE
what are the labiodental consonants?
f, v
PLACE
what are the linguadental/interdental consonants?
θ, ð
PLACE
what are the alveolar consonants?
t, d, n, s, z, l
PLACE
what are the palatal consonants?
y, r, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ
PLACE
what are the velar consonants?
k, g, ŋ
PLACE
what are the glottal consonants?
h, glottal stop
what is the labiodental place?
upper teeth on lower lip
what is the linguadental/interdental place?
tip of tongue in between upper and lower teeth
what is the palatal place?
top of tongue against hard palate
what is the velar place?
back of tongue against soft palate
what is a stop and what are the stop consonants?
complete closure of vocal tract- air flow stops, pressure builds
p,b
t, d
k, g
what is a fricative and what are the fricative consonants?
continuous sound through narrow constriction
f, v
θ, ð
s, z
ʃ, ʒ
h
what is a affricate and what are the affricate consonants?
plosive with a fricative sharing same place
tʃ, dʒ
what is a nasal and what are the nasal consonants?
sound that pass through nose while air is blocked from soft palate by lowering velum
m, n, ŋ
what is a glide and what are the glide consonants?
semi-vowels, glide into a vowel sound
w, y
what is a liquid and what are the liquid consonants?
partial closure of the mouth, vowel-like sound
l, r
what are the ways consonants can be categorized?
place: labial, linguadental, etc.
manner: stop, fricative, etc.
voiced vs voiceless
what is this sound: θ?
voiceless th sound
fricative, linguadental
what is this sound: ð?
voiced th sound
fricative, linguadental
what is this sound: ʒ?
voiced palatal fricative
beige, vision, measure
what are the early 8 sounds?
p, b, m, h, w, d, n, t
by about age 3
what are the middle 8 sounds?
f, v, k, g, z, s, j, ŋ
what are the late 8 sounds?
l, r, ʧ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ, θ, ð
what are the types of phonological processes?
syllable structure processes
substitution processes
assimilation processes
what are speech sound disorders?
umbrella term that includes errors in producing speech sounds
includes disorders in articulation, fluency and voice
what is the prevalence of speech sound disorders?
about 50% of 3 to 10 year olds with a communication disorder have SSD only
about 25% of 11 to 17 year olds with a communication disorder have SSD only
slightly higher in boys
what is a functional speech sound disorder?
no clear explanation for etiology
includes articulation (motor) and phonological (linguistic) disorders
not an issue of execution, planning, sensory or structural issues
what is an organic speech sound disorder?
developmental or acquired etiology
motor/neurological (execution and planning), structural, sensory/perceptual (hearing impairment)
what impacts functional speech sound disorders?
habit strength- making habits of producing a sound wrongly
perceptual-phonetic mismatch
environment- what they hear in environment impacts how they produce their speech sounds
psychosocial/temperament- something related to personality
receptive deficits- something related to how they are receiving and understanding speech
what are reported risk factors for functional speech sound disorders?
male
family history (sibling or parents with history of therapy of SSD)
pre- and perinatal problems
low maternal education
low SES
prolonged otitis media with effusion
what are examples of structural issues from an organic etiology perspective of a speech sound disorder?
cleft lip or palate, ankyloglossia (tongue tied), macroglossia, microglossia, tongue thrust, malocclusion
what are examples of perceptual/sensory issues from an organic etiology perspective of a speech sound disorder?
otitis media
sensorineural loss
decreased sensory input can affect speech
what are two types of motor issues from an organic perspective of a speech sound disorder?
issue with motor execution: dysarthria
slow, slurred, labored speech, weak or spastic muscles
issue with motor planning: apraxia
higher level brain function issue, searching for correct placement of articulators, distortions
T/F: speech sound disorders are the most common communication disorder.
true
Those with residual speech errors make up about…
1-2% of adolescents and adults
usually just one speech sound
define articulators
structures that produce our speech sounds
teeth, tongue, VF, hard/soft palate, alveolar ridge
define speech sound
basic unit in phonetics [f]
define phoneme
basic unit in phonology /f/
changing this would change the meaning of a word
define phonetic
speech sounds and how they are produced
define phonemic
way in which sounds function in a language
pan for fan
/p/ is not in phonemic inventory
define motor planning
instructions fed forward in syllable chucks to muscles
planning and sequencing of motor movements
second step in articulation
define phonological representation
abstract representation of speech sound in brain
first step in articulation
define articulation
output- speech sound production
totality of motor processes involving in planning and execution of speech
motor, physical event, phonetic, physiology
requires respiration and phonation
accuracy of what affects articulation
placement, force, duration/speed
define allophone
different types of the same phoneme- /p/ with aspiration vs /p/ with no aspiration
does not change the meaning of a word
define minimal pair
word that if changed by 1 phoneme, it changes the meaning of the word
dog/dot, white/write, eat/ear
define coda
part of a syllable that follows the nucleus vowel
fats
define rhyme
nucleus + coda or just the nucleus
hat
bee
define semivowel
glides (w, y)
almost like a vowel but has more closure
define assimilation
when one sound becomes similar to another sound within that word or is influenced by neighboring sound
harmony process
define maximal contrast
more than 2 features (place, manner, voice) different between two words
pop/posh, chop/mop
type of intervention
define minimal contrast
one feature (place, manner, voice) different between two words
pat/bat, bend/mend
type of intervention
define progressive assimilation
when initial sound affects final or later sound in one word
pit → pip, coat → kok
define regressive assimilation
when final or later sound affects initial sound in one word
chip → pip, dog → gog
how does omission and deletion apply to speech sound disorders?
specific speech sound is omitted, deleted
in phonological disorders
how does substitution apply to speech sound disorders?
standard speech sound substituted for another standard speech sound
phonological disorder
how do distortions apply to speech sound disorders?
nonstandard speech sound substituted for a standard speech sound
articulation disorder
lateralized /l/ for lion
what are the characteristics of a delay in speech development?
small phonetic/phonemic inventory
phoneme collapse: use sounds they have for all other sounds
target-substitute relationship: pattern to their errors
how does a delay apply to speech sound disorders?
speech production patterns that typically occur in younger children (2-9 years)
typical speech errors of their age
most develop typical speech development by age 6 with treatment
how does a disorder apply to speech sound disorders?
child’s speech is not what is seen in typically developing children at any age
atypical phonological pattern
how does a difference apply to speech sound disorders?
differences in speech attributed to cultural/linguistic/regional backgrounds
accent/dialect
gender affirming voice
what is the difference between a phonetic and phonemic inventory?
phonetic: assesses articulation- if you can say the sound
phonemic: assess meaning and convey meaning- if you can use the sound correctly
what is an articulation disorder?
impaired motor production of speech
mostly distortions, less often impacts speech intelligibility, relative to child’s age, how the person uses the sound
functional: related to development or learning
what is a phonological disorder?
phonemic errors at phonological level that impacts language
know how to use phonemes but don’t know when or where to use them
omissions and substitutions, more often impacts speech intelligibility, error patterns that are not age appropriate, consistency in errors
what is a speech sound disorder?
umbrella term that is for errors in producing speech sounds
applies to both phonological and articulation issues
define intelligibility
subjective/perceptual estimate of how much a person is understood
reported as percentage of words understood in speech sample
useful to document needs for therapy and progress in therapy
the first concern of parents for speech therapy usually is…
poor intelligibility
what influences intelligibility?
context, rate, fluency, language difficulties, prosody, volume, proximity, familiarity, phonological patterns, dialect, listener’s hearing ability, background noise
a person with a phonological disorder is usually ____ intelligible than a person with an articulation disorder.
less
at 2 years old, a child should be at least what percent intelligible?
50%
at 3 years old, a child should be at least what percent intelligible?
75%
at 4 years old, a child should be at least what percent intelligible?
near 100%
generally concerned at less than 75%
how is intelligibility measured?
reported as percentage of words understood in speech sample
count words understood and divide by total number of words
what is severity?
qualitative judgment made by clinician that focuses most on speech production and takes into account how the client is impacted in terms of quality of life
not always related to intelligibility
how is severity associated with age and sound errors?
child may be compared to other kids their age and sex to determine a severity rating
7 year old with 4 SSD errors vs 4 year old with 4 SSD errors
what impacts severity rating?
client perspective
quality of life
number of sound errors
number of error patterns
accuracy of productions
what percentage is an error consistent?
40% of the time
how is severity related to articulation and phonological disorders?
both include a severity rating
phonological disorders usually more severe because it impacts intelligibility the most
how is severity categorical?
categories: mild, moderate, severe
what are the characteristics of a mild SSD?
mostly distortions and substitutions
what are the characteristics of a moderate SSD?
whole classes of sound issues, distortions, might omit sounds, change syllable structure
context and familiarity helpful
what are the characteristics of a severe SSD?
deletions, substitutions, syllable structure changes, use gestures to supplement and are frustrated with communication
how is severity measured?
PCC: percent consonants correct
describe a person with an articulation disorder (Dodd)
primarily distortions, few sound errors, consistent and phonetic
describe a person with a phonological delay (Dodd)
typical phonological error patterns beyond expected age
consistent errors in imitation, words, conversation
no clearly defined etiology
usually no residual errors with treatment
about 50% preschoolers
what are typical error patterns for a student with phonological delay? (dodd)
final consonant deletion, cluster reduction, fronting, weak syllable deletion, stopping, voicing
what are Dodd’s categories?
artic disorder, phonological delay, consistent deviant phonological disorder, inconsistent deviant phonological disorder
describe a person with consistent deviant phonological disorder (Dodd)
atypical phonological error patterns: backing of stops, initial consonant deletion, fricatives for stops, vowel insertion, /s/ for all fricatives, extensive assimilation
consistent
describe a person with inconsistent deviant phonological disorder (Dodd)
atypical phonological error patterns
inconsistent
different errors on same target words
12%
what is the Shriberg classification system?
normalized, speech delay, motor speech disorders, residual speech errors
what is the normalized category of shriberg?
9 years +
students who had history of speech sound errors and they don’t have errors anymore
what is the speech delay category of shriberg?
3-9 years
atypical phonological development compared to peers
substitutions, omissions, deletions
low intelligibility, high frequency of errors
can achieve normal speech production with treatment
what are the possible etiologies of a speech delay according to shriberg?
genetics: family history
otitis media: auditory perceptual processing
developmental psychosocial involvement
what is the motor speech disorders category of shriberg?
3-9 years
distortions, omissions, substitutions
CAS, developmental dysarthria
more likely to have residual errors
what is the residual speech errors category of shriberg?
6 years +
typical errors: sibilant /s/ and rhotic /r/ distortions
no language/literacy influence
1% of adolescents and adults
nonmedical, non genetic reason for these errors
treatment wasn’t effective
what are the phonological characteristics of a consonant?
narrowing or closing of the vocal tract
can be pre, post or intervocalic
help form syllable shape
need vowels
Note
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