Diencephalon and Hypothalamus: Brain Regions, Functions, and Endocrine Roles

Diencephalon

Central brain region surrounding the third ventricle that connects the brainstem and cerebrum.

Thalamus

Major sensory relay station that directs sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

Function of thalamus

Relays sensory and motor signals and contributes to consciousness.

Exception to thalamic sensory relay

Olfaction (smell).

Hypothalamus

Small brain structure that maintains homeostasis and links the nervous and endocrine systems.

Autonomic control center

Role of the hypothalamus in regulating the ANS.

Endocrine regulation

Hypothalamic control of hormone secretion via the pituitary gland.

Temperature regulation

Hypothalamic function acting as the body's thermostat.

Hunger and thirst regulation

Hypothalamic function responding to blood nutrient levels.

Limbic system

Brain system involved in emotions and motivation that includes the hypothalamus.

Epithalamus

Part of the diencephalon that forms the roof of the third ventricle.

Pineal gland

Endocrine gland that secretes melatonin.

Melatonin

Hormone that regulates circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles.

Circadian rhythm

Daily cycle of physiological activity regulated by melatonin.