Male reproduction continued + Hormone signaling

pelvic urethra

The …. (on the pelvis) would carry sperm cells (as well as urine bc the bladder is also connected to it) 

penile urethra

After the pelvic urethra is the …. ( which is just a extension of the pelvic urethra)

vascular and fibroelastic 

There are 2 types of penile urethra …

vascular

The …. type is present in many primate species and stallions

retracts

What makes the fibroelastic type different is the structure that forms when it …. into the body cavity

collagen

The fibroelastic type is rigid in the non erect state meaning that it has a lot of extra …. and extracellular matrix proteins that gives it the rigidity

retractor penis muscle

Therefore in order to retract it into the body to keep it safe, when the male is not breeding, there is a specialized muscle that attaches to the base of the pelvis and the penile urethra. This is called the ….

‘S’ shape

The retractor penis muscle contracts in order to hold the penile urethra within species with the fibroelastic penis in the body. When this occurs, it creates an …. structure

sigmoid flexure 

This ‘S’ shaped structure is called the …

don’t have

Vascular type penises …. a sigmoid flexure 

glans penis

The retractor penis muscle allows the penile urethra to be able to retract up into the body cavity in order to protest the …

increase blood pressure

In the case of mating, both the vascular and the fiber elastic types have the same process which is to …

penile opening

The …. is where the sperm and the urine is going to travel

increase

It’s the corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum that would …. blood flow and blood pressure in order to create erection 

erection

In the case of …., the male receives a signal from the hypothalamus through nerves. The nerves that terminate in the sinuses and then releases nitric oxide

Nitric oxide

…. helps retain the blood within the penile shaft/urethra and thus an increase of blood pressure occur 

sigmoid flexure

The …. aids in protecting the glands penis when the male is not mating

trapping

We have cavernous tissue that surrounds the urethra in order to allow for the …. of blood flow during arousal

base

The ischiocavernous muscle and the bulbospongiosus muscle lie at the …. of the pelvic bone (where the pelvic urethra comes in contact with the penile urethra)

peristaltic contractions

These muscles are important because the vas deferens rely on …. in order to move the sperm from the epididymis up into the pelvic urethra

contract

So these muscles would … in order to push the sperm through the urethra

match

The glans penis is a capillary organ and it would largely …. the female reproductive tract

both sides

With a split end penis and a biconcave (?) uterus. Because of the split on the penis, the sperm goes into …. of the cervix and then into both uterine horns in order to increase the likelihood of creating offspring

neurocrine

The …. type of hormonal secretion is due to neurons

exocrine

The …. type of hormonal secretion is out of the body 

endocrine

The … type of hormonal secretion is into the body (longer loop)

Paracrine, autocrine, and juxtacrine

There are 3 types of endocrine secretions. ….. (Short loops)

wired

There are hormones that are …. For example, the neurons that would be secretion the neurohormones

wireless

Then is the …. system where the signal would be sent out and it would cause an effect

hypothalamus

Whether it’s a wired or wireless system, there ultimately has to be a stimulus which would be received by the body and go to the processing center (the ….) which would then cause the response

afferent signaling 

From the stimulus to the processing center is called the ….

efferent signaling

From the processing center to the response is called the ….

blood

The neurocrine signaling system means that it’s coming from the neuron. Where neurons would be used (in the hypothalamus) to transport the hormone/signal and then release it into the ….

long or short

The traveling time can be ….

exocrine signaling

The …. system isn’t really used by many parts in the reproductive system

saliva, sweat, or milk

Some examples of them is ….

mammary gland

Exocrine signaling is occurring in the …. by producing the milk, and in the uterus

another target tissue 

The endocrine signaling system, a substance is produced by a glandular tissue somewhere in the body that’s going to release it into the blood and would then go and affect ….

Paracrine signaling

Affect a neighboring cell of different kind 

Autocrine signaling

Signals to itself or to a cell or the same type

Juxtacrine signaling

Signals to a cells that is right beside it either same or different type. It does this through an intimate contact between gap junctions through the extracellular matrix 

theca and granulosa

Juxtacrine signaling can also be found between the …. cells within a follicle 

response

Hormones have these specific receptors that allow them to act upon it. These receptors also have a specific type of hormone or action of the hormone. This causes a ….

bind to their receptor

There are different types of hormones (proteins, polypeptides, steroids, etc) and they travel all around the body but they only have an impact once they ……

low

Hormones can be very potent in very …. concentrations

impact

So they are working in low concentrations in order to have an …. on the body 

study

Ablation and replacement are the 2 common ways that scientists …. hormones 

Ablation

…. is getting rid of the hormone (then study the changes that occur)

Replacement

…. is bringing it back (then study the changes that occur)

isolate and purify the hormone

Another way that scientists study hormones is to …..: They studied the chemical properties of the hormone

assay the changes in hormone concentrations

The last way that scientists study hormones is to …... “Does this hormone change in the body over time?”

bioassay

We measure hormones through ….: we inject a hormone into the patient and then see a change occur in the result

radioimmunoassay

We measure hormones through ….: where we have specific antibodies of the hormone that we are interested in. Then they wash it and then add an isotope as well. With this, they can measure the isotope (measuring the amount of the isotope that is remaining attached to the antibodies, we are able to determine the concentration within the sample).

isotope

The antibodies and the hormones compete for the …. 

high

No isotope is bound, …. hormone sample

low

A lot of isotope if bound, …. hormone sample

medium

Some are no bound and some are bound, ….

steroids or non-steroids 

Hormones are classified as either ….

similarities

We classify them based on their …. 

cholesterol

All steroid hormones have …. because it is their backbone

steroid

Stress hormones and sex hormones are …. hormones

small, hydrophobic and lipophilic, they travel in the blood with a carrier, they are lipid soluble and diffuse through cell membrane, their receptors are cytoplasmic or nuclear

Steroid hormones are ….

Estradiol

…. is estrogen

progesterone

Cholesterol —> pregnenolone —> ….

Testosterone

…. —> estradiol (estrogen)

regulator

Progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol are the main …. of reproductive function 

same

Any steroidgenic tissue (or cell that’s going to be a steroid producing cell) in the body is going to have the … start pathway 

Cholesterol

…. is going to come from the blood and would bind to low density lipoprotein, in order to get the cholesterol into the cell to make the sex steroids, it has to bind to its receptor and then be internalized 

recycled

Once within, the receptor gets …. and then we get the clearing of the cholesterol ester

inner mitochondrial membrane

Once in the cell, the cholesterol goes to the mitochondria in order to get to the ….

star protein

This is where the …. comes in. It takes cholesterol from the cytoplasm in the cell and pts it in the inner mitochondrial membrane

steroid genesis

This is important because it’s the first step in ….. Once the star protein is gone, every steroid hormone passed cholesterol is blocked 

neurons

Wired

endocrine glands

Wireless

Types of secretions

Neurocrine • Exocrine • Endocrine

Types of endocrine secretion

Paracrine – Autocrine – Juxtacrine

Neurocrine

Uses neurons – Axonal transport • Then via blood

Exocrine

Exo = out • Secreted into ducts or onto epithelial surface • Saliva , sweat, milk, pancreatic enzymes • Many times related to digestive function, secretion of enzymes, etc

Endocrine

Endo = in, internal • Substance produced in one site travels via blood supply to affect processes in another organ (tissue) • Classical effects of Hormones • Example: Gonadotropins

Paracrine

Alters activities (+/-) neighboring cells of different types

Autocrine

Alters activities (+/-) neighboring cells of the same type or the secreting cell itself

Juxtacrine

Alters activities (+/-) of cells immediately adjacent cells transmitted directly through components of a cell membrane

Hormones

Substance secreted by a cell that acts on some target cell (receptors)

forms

Hormones come in many …. – Proteins/ polypeptides/ steroids

blood

Hormones travels through …, lymph, diffusion, Cerebrospinal fluid, interstitial fluid (extra cellular) and concentrations required for action

Ablation

– Remove and study change in activity

Replacement

– After ablation, add substance back

Isolate and purify hormone

– study chemical properties

Classes of hormones

Steroids and Non-steroids

Steroid hormones

Cholesterol backbone • Adrenocorticoids • Sex hormones – Testosterone – Progesterone – Estrogen (Estradiol) • Active metabolites of vitamin D

Chemical properties of steroid hormones

Small • Hydrophobic/Lipophilic • Travel in blood w/carrier – Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) – Sex steroid-binding globulin (SSBG) • Lipid soluble and diffuse through cell membranes • Cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors