Imperialism, WWI, and WWII: Key Concepts and Events

Indirect control

Relied on existing political leaders

Councils would train local leaders in the British method of Gov(Develop Future Leaders)

Limited self rule

Direct control

Paternalism-Governed in a fatherly way, providing for their needs but not giving their rights

Brought in their own political leaders to run the colony

Assimilation-local population would become absorbed into ________ culture. (Gov based on European style)

No self rule

Monroe doctrine

U.S. policy announced in 1823 that told European powers to stay out of the Western Hemisphere.

Crimean war

Located in the peninsula in the Black Sea

Russia and the Ottoman

Want to gain land on the Black Sea (warm weather port)

Britain and France join on Ottoman side

Want to prevent Russia from gaining more control.

Russia is defeated

Crimean war significance

Revealed Ottoman Empire military weakness-continued to lose land

Russia comes to the aid of Slavic people in the Balkans

Lead to political and social reforms (Romania, Montenegro, Cyprus, Bosnia and Herzegovina

King Leopold II

Gained rights over the Congo

Promised end slavery and modernize the Congo

He Lied! Turned the Congo into a slave plantation

Ivory and Rubber were the main resources

Several Millions Congolese were killed

Berlin Conference

1) Rules for the division of Africa without war.

2) Any European country could claim land in Africa by notifying other nations.

3) No African ruler attended

4) Must Show "Effective Occupation"

5) German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

6) Liberia and Ethiopia remained free from European control

Opium War

Britain refused to stop their very profitable trade in opium with China.

The smuggling of opium by British and Americans leads to the (.......)

Qing had no navy vs. British gunboats

Outdated Chinese soldiers

used swords, knives, spears, clubs

Boxer rebellion casues

The Chinese people's long standing frustration with poor conditions & the gov't failure to reform.

The Chinese are angered by the special privileges given to foreigners

They resent Chinese Christians.

Boxer Rebellion Effects

In spring , "Society of Harmonious Fists" aka Boxers surround the European section.

In August they are defeated by 20,000 multinational forces.

China's humiliation continues

A new sense of Chinese nationalism emerges.

Qing court begins steps to reform-promises a full constitutional gov't by 1917.

Commodore Perry

He came to Japan with a fleet of Black Ships which intimidated Japan making them open up their trade.

Colonization of Africa/ scramble for africa.

100's of ethnic and

Linguistic groups

1000's different lang.

1880-Europeans controlled only 10% of land-WHY?

Diamonds and gold

Armistice

Railroad car in Paris, France

An agreement to stop fighting.

Nov 11th at 11th hour- 1918 WWI Ends

Gallipoli

Dardanelles (Blank Campaign)

Narrow sea straight to Constantinople (Ottoman)

Allies wanted to defeat the Turks to get supplies to Russia and then mount attack on Austria

Allies make a repeated assault on Gallipoli Peninsula

Turks hold strong, with the help of Germany

Stalemate-Allies evacuate 250,000 casualties

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

a naval tactic where submarines attack and sink all ships, including civilian and neutral ones, without warning in a designated war zone

Legue of Nation Problems

Powerless to enforce decisions or punish

Members did not take the

league seriously mostly

because major nations

did not join

14 Points

A) "removal of all economic barriers"

b) self determination

c) "territorial integrity"

d) International Conduct

1) freedom of the seas

2) no secret treaties, open negotiations

3) arms reductions

4) League of Nations : Collective Society

Mania

(Militarism)-he belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

(Alliances)-a union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries or organizations.

(Nationalism)-an extreme form of patriotic feelings, especially marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries.

(Imperialism)-a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force

(Assasination)-to murder (a person, esp a public or political figure), usually by a surprise attack

Triple alliance

1. Germany fear of France revenge from Franco-Prussian War signs alliance with Italy. (neutral)

2. Germany fears of France and Russia Alliance, Alliances with Austria-Hungary.

Germany, Italy, and Austria Hungary.

Triple Entente

Triple entante

Britain and France overlooked all major imperialistic conflict between them and formed the Entente Cordiale.

2. Russia formed an Entente with Britain.

3.The Triple Entente, an informal coalition between Great Britain, France and Russia, now countered the Triple Alliance

Treaty of Brest Litsovak

peace treaty signed in 1918 that ended Russia's participation in World War I by ceding large amounts of territory to the Central Powers

Armenian genocide

Turkish gov sweep it under the rug becasue it doesnt want to be known

The religious group was christians.

Japans imperial growth

Japan expanded its empire by taking former German colonies in the Pacific, increasing control in China, and invading Manchuria in 1931. In the 1930s, Japan tried to build a large Asian empire by invading China further and seeking resource-rich territories, aiming to dominate East Asia before WWII. and gains indochina

Oil embargo

U.S. freezes Japanese assets and starts embargo

U.S. cuts off sale of airplane fuel to Japan and cuts back on other natural resources.

Great Britain and the Dutch East Indies also participate in the embargo.

Japan cut off from its major source of oil

66.4 percent of imports came from Anglo-Americans

Over 80 percent of its oil came from U.S.

US isolationism

US said they wouldnt be involved in fight with other countries anymore so they signed the neutrality acts.Neutrality Acts (39)- all trade with belligerent nations under the terms of "cash-and-carry."

Rhine land

After WWI, the Treaty of Versailles said the Rhineland had to be demilitarized — Germany wasn't allowed to put soldiers or weapons there.

In 1936, Hitler broke the treaty by sending German troops into the Rhineland.

France and Britain did not stop him, which made Hitler more confident and encouraged further aggression that led toward WWII.

5 Year plan

set impossibly high quotas, or numerical goals, to increase the output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity. To reach these targets, the government limited production of consumer goods. As a result, people faced severe shortages of housing, food, clothing, and other necessary goods."

Dawes plan

A plan where the U.S. loaned money to Germany so Germany could pay its war reparations, which helped stabilize Germany's economy and allowed Britain and France to repay their debts to the U.S. It temporarily eased the economic crisis in Europe after WWI.

appeasment

Germany wanted czechslovakia and Br/Fr agreed to give it away in exchange for hitler to stop taking land.

He wants poland now fro danzig becasue of the word Lebenstraum ("Living space")

and Br/ Fr realize Appeasment failed.

Non agression pact

It was between Germany and USSR. They agreed not to fight each other and secretly agreed to divide Poland between them.

This allowed Hitler to invade Poland without worrying about fighting the USSR, which led directly to the start of World War II.

Lend lease act

(1941) Lend or lease arms and other supplies to country's vital to the US

Coalition gov

Temporary alliance of several parties

Difficult to last because of all the disagreements.

Hard for countries to develop strong leadership and long term goals

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

* High tariff placed on imported goods

* Americans forced to buy American goods

*Chain Reaction in other countries-raise tariffs

Great depression

1. Stock Market Crash of 1929

The stock market suddenly fell and wiped out a lot of money. People who borrowed to buy stocks couldn't repay their loans, which caused panic.

2. Bank Failures

Banks ran out of money when too many people tried to withdraw at once. Many banks collapsed, and people lost their savings.

3. Overproduction

Factories and farms made more goods than people could buy. Companies cut production and fired workers, which made the economy even weaker.

4. High Tariffs

The U.S. raised taxes on imported goods, and other countries did the same. This hurt world trade and made the crisis spread.

5. Unequal Wealth

Most families had low incomes and couldn't keep buying goods. When times got hard, spending dropped even more.

Poletariat

The proletariat is the group of people in society who work for wages and do not own the factories, land, or businesses.They earn their living by selling their labor — for example, factory workers, miners, or service workers.

Invasion of Poland

On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland using fast blitzkrieg attacks. On September 17, the Soviet Union invaded from the east. Poland was quickly defeated, and this caused Britain and France to declare war on Germany, starting World War II.

Blitz Kreig

"Lightning War"

The key is ... SURPRISE!

It is designed to attack many different targets with overwhelming numbers so as to simply devastate the enemy.

Step One: Send in the luftwaffe

Step two:Next come the PANZERS (tanks)

Hitler's military designers had developed extremely advanced tanks.

Step three:Finally come the infantry

They had been training for several years and these troops were VERY ready.

Battle of france

Hitler does not want to deal w/ Maginot line

Goes around, attacks Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg

Late May, 1940 GR invades FR.

"Squeezes" through by going through the Ardennes Forest in Northern France

When Hitler's forces go through Belgium the FR/BR troops retreat to Dunkirk.

Dunkirk battle

The GR's were advancing so quickly they thought it was trap. Waited....and waited.

During this time the FR/BR were escaping.

Finally Hitler orders his troops (panzers) in.

Luftwaffe was grounded due to weather.

About 330,000 FR/BR soldiers escaped.

ALL equip/supplies were left behind.

Battle of britain

Hitler expected Britain to make peace, however, Britain, led by a new Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, refused to surrender.

Hitler proceeded with invasion plans. The Luftwaffe began massive attacks on Britain to destroy its air defenses.

Sept 7, 1940 Begins focusing on the cities (London)

Break the British morale

Mistake # 2-Gave RAF time to Recoop

Sig-Hitler's advances could be stopped

Turns his attention to the Balkans, Mediterranean and Soviet Union

pearl harbor

(December 7th 1941)-Day of imfamy

Japan attacks Pearl Harbor in Hawaii

U.S. fleet caught unprepared

2400 Americans killed, 1200 wounded,18 ships sunk, and 160 aircraft damaged and 200 destroyed.

Only the aircraft carriers, by chance on maneuvers, escaped the worst naval defeat in American history.

Later the same day, Japan attacks the Philippines, Guam, and Midway and attacks British forces in Hong Kong and the Malay Peninsula (Singapore)

battle of Midway

Battle of __________ June 1942

West of Hawaii

Key American Airfield

US outnumbered 4 to 1

Set up ambush of Japan

American forces hidden beyond horizon

American Carrier planes swooped in to attack Japanese ships

Japan withdrawals from the island

Sig turned the tide of the war in the Pacific against the Japanese

Censorship and Propaganda

News of the defeat was kept from the Japanese public.

Stalingrad

August 1942- Feb 1943

Major industrial center (Volga River)

Constant German Attacks

Controlled 90% of the ruined city

Winter sets in

Soviets troops (outside the city) launch a counter attack

German troops inside/cut off from supplies

Germany surrenders/Soviets hold

Sig- Germany now on the defensive,

Soviets pushing Germany steadily westward

kamikaze

Japanese countered by employing a new tactic -_____ also means(divine wind)attacks

Pilots in small bomb-laden planes would crash into Allied ships

Lend lease act

Lend or lease arms and other supplies to country's vital to the US

Japanese internment

When the war began, 120,000 Japanese Americans lived in the U.S. - mostly on the West Coast

After Pearl Harbor, many people were suspicious of possible spy activity by Japanese Americans

In 1942, FDR ordered Japanese Americans into 10 relocation centers

Nuremberg trials

October, 1945

International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg, Germany

Indicted 22 Nazi leaders for crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity

12 received death sentences, 3 life in prison, 4 jail sentences short of life, 3 acquitted

Common defense: "I was following orders"

Tehran conference

R,CH, ST

Launch full scale offensive against Germans

Allies invade France

Fate of Europe After the war

SU would help the US defeat Japan

Declaration of the Three Powers Regarding Iran.

International organization to keep peace

Potsdam conference

Held July 17-August 2, 1945, British Prime Minister Attlee, Harry Truman, Joseph Stalin.resulted in little real progress beyond an agreement to implement the commitments made at Yalta

German to pay war Reparations

Germany loses territory

Soviet Union pushes border to Poland

Yalta conference

focused on the future of Europe

Held February 4-11, 1945, in the Crimean Peninsula,

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin.

The conference's goals included

in agreements to divide Germany into four zones of occupation, and to hold free elections in Eastern Europe.

*establishing a collective security order (UN)

Danzig

Hitler wanted Danzig because it was a mostly German-speaking city that had been separated from Germany after World War I, which he viewed as an injustice. He also wanted a land route through the Polish Corridor to connect Germany with East Prussia. Beyond that, gaining Danzig helped justify his broader goal of expanding German territory in Eastern Europe.

it sparked ww2 because poland and Germany started fighting.

Atlantic charter

Free trade and free elections (Plan for postwar peace)

"Send Guns Not Sons"

Island hopping

led by Douglas MacArthur

Island hop past Japanese strong points

Seize islands not well defended but were closer to Japan

Use air power to cut supply lines and starve enemy troops

"Hit' em where they ain't"

kristilnacht

"Night of Broken Glass"

Jewish Teenager shoots an employee of the German Embassy in Paris

Why?- Father was deported to Poland

Leads to violent attacks against Jews

Attacked Jewish homes, businesses and Synagogues

Final solution

Hitlers plan

Genocide- Systematic killing of an entire people

Eliminate all "sub humans" to keep the purity of the Aryan Race.

1) Shot to death

2) Concentration Camps

3) Extermination Camps

Fred korematsu vs US

Japanese American who refused internment

Arrested and filed a case

Asked: did the President and Congress go to far with E.O 9066

Court ruled in 1944 that the need to protect Americans outweighed individual rights

Race based exclusion was justified in a time of war

US later apologized to all the Japanese in 1990

Iron curtain

Stalin argues that

capitalism and communism

can never coexist.

Churchill responds

that an "Iron Curtain has

descended across the Continent."

Churchill makes a speech about this

truman doctrine

Reasoning-

Threatened by Communist influence in Turkey and Greece

Financial aid "to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation"

Sent $400 million worth of war supplies to Greece and helped push out Communism

The ______ Doctrine marked a new level of American commitment to a Cold War.

NATO

The U.S. joined with Canada, Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg to establish _______, a mutual defense pact in 1949.

Pledged signers to treat an attack against one as an attack against all.

(North atlantic treaty organization)

Warsaw pact

When West Germany joined NATO in 1955, the Soviet Union countered by creating its own alliance system in eastern Europe- the _______ pact

begining of korean war

Since World War II the country had been divided along the 38th parallel

The North was controlled by the Communist government of Kim Il Sung

The South by the dictatorship of Syngman Rhee.

Korean war reason

Stalin had agreed to the North Korean attack, but promised only supplies.

He would eventually send pilots dressed in Chinese uniforms

Having already "lost" China, it was decided that the United States would fight the North Koreans.

The U.S. would not declare war. The United Nations sanctioned aid to South Korea as a "police action." The U.N. Security Council declared North Korea the aggressor and sent troops from 15 nations to restore peace.

How the US succesfully got involved in the Korean war

Under the command of General Douglas MacArthur

U.S. 350,000; South Korean 400,000; other UN members 50,000

The move succeeded only because the Soviet delegate, who had veto power, was absent because he was protesting the UN's refusal to recognize the Communist government in China.

Firing of Mac arthur

MacArthur wanted to blockade China and use Taiwanese Nationalists to invade mainland China.

He ordered China to make peace or be attacked.

Truman removed MacArthur from all his commands and replaced him with General Matthew Ridgway who gradually pushed back almost to original line.

Domino theory

American policymakers developed the "________ Theory" as a justification for the involvement. This theory stated, "If South Vietnam falls to the Communist, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Burma, India and Pakistan would also fall like dominos. The Pacific Islands and even Australia could be at risk".

Must "contain" communism and not allow it to spread. If it does, it would lead to more countries falling to the communists.

Berlin Blockade/ Berlin Airlift

U.S., Britain, and France merged their zones in 1948 to create an independent West German state.

The Soviets responded by blockading land access to Berlin. The U.S. began a massive airlift of supplies that lasted almost a year. (7,000 tons a day) In May 1949 Stalin lifted the blockade, conceding that he could not prevent the creation of West Germany.

Thus, the creation of East and West Germany

Vietcong

founded in South Vietnam who were communists—supported by N. Vietnam.

Farmers by day; guerillas at night.

Very patient people willing to accept many casualties.

The US grossly underestimated their resolve and their resourcefulness.

could easily blend into a village where they could move about freely since they did not belong to a "standard" army.

They used hit and run tactics

containment

Definition:

By applying firm diplomatic, economic, and military counter pressure, the United States could block Soviet aggression.

Formulated by George F. Kennan as a way to stop Soviet expansion without having to go to war.

Ironically, the Soviets were looking for insulation from the Capitalist West.

Bay of pigs invasion

(April 17-20, 1961) was a failed CIA-backed operation in which a force of Cuban exiles, known as Brigade 2506, attempted to overthrow Fidel Castro's communist government in Cuba. Planned under President Eisenhower and approved by President Kennedy, the invasion underestimated Castro's strength and lacked sufficient U.S. air support. The defeat strengthened Castro's position, embarrassed the U.S., and pushed Cuba closer to the Soviet Union—helping set the stage for the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Marshall plan

War damage and dislocation in Europe invited Communist influence

Economic aid to all European countries offered in the European Recovery Program

$17 billion to western Europe

Soviets (Satelittle Nation) refused - The blame for dividing Europe fell on the Soviet union, not the United States. And the __________ Plan proved crucial to Western Europe's economic recovery.

Ho chi min trail

The Ho Chi Minh Trail was a vast network of jungle roads and supply routes running from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia to support Viet Cong forces in South Vietnam. The US bombed it heavily because it was the main lifeline for moving North Vietnamese troops, weapons, and supplies into the South. Despite massive bombing, the trail kept operating, making it one of the most important strategic systems of the Vietnam War.

Vietnamization

Nixon's secret plan involved a process called "Vietnamization." This strategy brought American troops home while increasing the air war over North Vietnam and relying more on the South Vietnamese army for ground attacks.

Mailai massecare

A serious blow to U.S. credibility came with the exposure of the My Lai massacre (March 1968).

Hushed up at the time and only discovered by a tenacious journalist, (Hersh)this involved the killing of 400 men, women and children by US troops.

Attack on american ships in vietnam

North Vietnam launched an attack against the C. Turner Joy and the U.S.S. Maddox, two American ships on call in the Gulf of Tonkin.

The first attack occurred on August 2, 1964.

A second attack was supposed to have taken place on August 4, but authorities have recently concluded that no second attack ever took place.

Gulf of tonkin resolution

Passed by Congress 5 Aug 1964

Radically altered the War in Southeast Asia

Gave President Johnson a "blank check":

"To take all necessary steps to repel armed attack against US forces", including force, to assist South Vietnam and any member of SEATO"

Committed US to fight for S Vietnam

Geneva accords

International Conference at Geneva in 1954

Vietnam was divided at 17th parallel

Ho Chi Minh's nationalist forces controlled the North

Ngo Dinh Diem, a French-educated, Roman Catholic claimed control of the South

Elections were to be held two years later.

Paris Peace accords

ended direct U.S. military involvement, and temporarily stopped the fighting between North and South Vietnam.

The Paris Peace Agreement did not end the conflict in Vietnam, however, as Saigon continued to battle Communist forces.