World History Final Exam Study Guide

9th Grade

King Gilgamesh is super strong 2/3 god, grew mean & savage, goddess Aruru made Endiku to withstand him, Endiku meets him, they fight, become friends, Gilgamesh invites him on a journey, they prepare for the cedar forest, go to the forest and battle Humbaba, defeat him, goes back to Uruk, Gilgamesh offends Anu, Anu’s dad send Bull of Heaven, Endiku helps defeat it, Endiku has a dream, gods decide he should die, Gilgamesh is sad, he journeys through the mountains, goes to find Uta- napishi to learn how to escape death, He tells him the flood story about the gods & why they made him immortal, Gilgamesh later talks to Endiku’s ghost, & asks about the afterlife

Epic of Gilgamesh

Sumerian Writing

Cuneiform- wedge shaped writing on clay

Sumerian Temples

Stepped towers called ziggurats

Modern day Mesopotamia

Iraq

Hammurabi’s Importance

Hammurabi’s Law Code- world’s first legal code

Nebuchadnezzar’s Accomplishments

rebuilt Babylon, hanging gardens of Babylon, Ishtar’s gate, Astronomy & Astrology

King Solomon’s temple purpose

to hold to the Arc of the covenant

Mesopotamia means…

Land between Rivers

Egyptian written language

Hieroglyphics

Rosetta stone

written in 3 languages, found by Napoleon Bonaparte’s team, Jean Champollion deciphered it

River flooded and provided rich soil (silt)

Nile

King Tut

Boy King, found by Howard Carter, Near intact royal tomb found in the Valley of the Kings

Egyptians did this to the body to show they were obsessed with the afterlife

Mummification

Tall structure- symbol to show pharaoh’s right to rule & connection to the divine

Obelisks

Egyptian writing is done on…

Papyrus

Book of Spells to help someone to the afterlife

Book of the Dead

India ‘s main cities along the Indus River

Mohenjo Daro & Harappa

India’s most important rivers

Indus & Ganges

Nomadic group that invaded India

aryans

Aryan Language & writing system

Sanskrit

Rajas

Aryan Princes

Linked China to Mesopotamia

Silk road

Duty to put family needs above your own

Filial Piety

Analects

Confucius’s teachings are written in this book

Priestly Caste

Brahmans

Lowest caste with dirty jobs

Untouchables

A system of social categories that determines a person’s job and place in society

Caste system

Reincarnation

The soul is reborn after death

Karma

Person’s actions that determine how they will be reborn

Dharma

Person’s duty in life

Helps achieve Nirvana

Eight fold path (Buddism) & meditation

Ultimate goal is Buddism

Eliminate desire- achieve nirvana

Characters

chinese writing

Emperor Shi Huang Di practiced this government system

Legalism

No interference

Daoism

Relationships are important

Confucianism

Epic poems about trojan war

Iliad and the Odyssey

Odysseus, Agamemnon, Menelaus, Hector, Helen, Achilles, Paris, Priam

Characters of the Iliad and the Odyssey

Spartan Battle formation

Phalanx

People make decisions and influence the government

Direct Democracy

Defeated at the battle of Marathon

Persia

Won the battle of Thermopylae between Xerxes and Leonidas

Persia (300 Spartans killed)

Ostracism

Writing on pottery to banish someone for 10 years

Led the Persians at the Battle of Thermopylae

Xerxes

War between Sparta and Athens

Peloponnesian War (lasted 27 years)

Philosopher

someone who seeks wisdom or answers

Most important Greek poet

Homer

Patricains

Rich Romans (High Class)

punic wars between

carthage & rome

rome gained control of this after the first punic war

sicily

marched elephants across the alps during second punic wars

hannibal

rome does this to carthage and its people after third punic wars

burns the city, salts the earth, sells people into slavery

mosaics were made of…

tile

alliance between 3 men

triumvirate

People in first triumvirate

julius caesar, pompey, crassus

assassinates caesar

marcus brutus

time of peace ushered by octavian

pax romana

first roman emperor to convert to christianity

constantine

what happens to western roman empire in 476 AD

falls due to germanic tribes invading

christianity based on Jesus’s teachings

New religion that emerges in rome

sacred text of judaism

torah

founder of judaism

abraham

most important city in judaism

jerusalem

laws given to moses

10 commandments

Sacred text of christianity

bible

gabriel

angel who announced jesus birth

Another name for savior

messiah

According to Catholicism who is the first pope

st peter

sacred text of islam?

Quorum

founder of islam

muhammmed

first caliph after muhammmed

Abu Bakr

House of worship

mosque

islam name for god

allah

disagreement between sunni and shiites

who the rightful successor of muhammed is

Shahada

declaration of faith

salat

prayer (5 times a day)

Zakat

charity

sawm

fasting (ramadan)

hajj

journey to mecca

animals berbers used to cross desert

camels

King of Mali who visited mecca (really rich)

mansa musa

type of trade in west africa

silent trade- gold for salt

mix of african and arab culture

swahili

civilization in andes, chile, peru

incas

calendar

most accurate in the world at that time, mayans made it

game played by all meso american tribes

pok a tok

who created city in the middle of lake texcoco

aztecs

mexico city

tenochtitlan today

the sign the aztecs were looking for to build their city

eagle on a cactus holding a snake

Conquered aztecs

Hernan cortez

conquered incas

Francisco pizarro

knotted ropes of inca writing

quipu

chaimpanas

floating gardens aztecs used to make more farmland

leader of the aztecs when they were conquered

moctezume

continent the incas live on

south america

At age 7 Spartan boys attend…

Military School

Ruler that seizes by force with support of the people

Tyrant

Alexander’s process of bringing Greek culture to the world

Hellenistic period

Mark Antony rules out of this country and has an alliance with…

Egypt, Cleopatra

Most famous Islam holiday

Ramadan