Exam 2 (Comprehensive)

Accept statements were kept accept. Reject statements were restated to make them accept.

Some of the accessory organs function to absorb digested food.

Some of the accessory organs function to absorb digested food.

The accessory organs do not function to absorb digested food.

The gall bladder is an accessory digestive gland.

The gall bladder is a digestive organ.

The importance of the digestive system is to digest complex molecules and absorb simple molecules from outside the body into the internal environment.

Accept

Most salivary glands are connected to the alimentary canal by ducts and thus, are considered exocrine glands.

Accept

Swallowing is a means of ingestion.

Swallowing is a means of propulsion

Peristalsis is the major means of movement throughout the alimentary canal.

Accept

Mixing food with saliva is mechanical digestion.

Accept

The pH of the stomach is low enough to denature proteins (true statement). This process is a part of the mechanical digestion of proteins that you eat. (evaluation)

Accept

segmentation -- the movement in the small intestine that results in mechanical digestion by mixing, rather than propulsion.

Accept

deglutition — another term for burping

deglutition — another term for swallowing

defecation — the mechanical and chemical digestion of fiber

defecation — the elimination of indigestible substances from the body

absorption — movement of molecules from the lumen of the GI tract into enterocytes

absorption — movement of molecules from the lumen of the GI tract into the blood or lymph

The parotid salivary glands are intrinsic, buccal glands that produce a mixed saliva.

The parotid salivary glands are extrinsic. Buccal glands are intrinsic.

Some nutrients that are absorbed are 1) mechanically digested and NOT chemically digested, like minerals or 2) neither mechanically nor chemically digested, like water.

Accept

Sympathetic innervation of the GI tract will increase smooth muscle contraction and thus increase mixing and movement.

Parasympathetic innervation of the GI tract will increase smooth muscle contraction and thus increase mixing and movement.

Short reflexes are never autonomic and do not involve the brain or the spinal cord.

Accept

Both lips and cheeks are composed of skeletal muscle and thus, function in movement. They keep food between the teeth in order to enhance mechanical digestion.

Accept

The soft palate is composed of smooth muscle and rises reflexively to close the pharynx when we swallow.

The soft palate is composed of skeletal muscle and rises reflexively to close the nasopharynx when we swallow.

The intrinsic skeletal muscle of the tongue allows it to change position (but not shape) for swallowing. (text)

The intrinsic skeletal muscle of the tongue allows it to change shape (but not position) for swallowing.

The pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing is entirely involuntary. The initial part of it is controlled by the swallowing center in the brain stem and thus is an autonomic, long reflex.

Accept

Mumps is an autoimmune response that causes the inflammation of the salivary glands.

Mumps is an autoimmune response that causes the inflammation of the parotid glands.

Activated chemoreceptors and pressoreceptors send afferent signals that will lead to parasympathetic innervation of salivary glands.

Accept

Nervous innervation of salivary glands gives athletes before competition and public speakers "dry mouth".

Accept

Mechanical digestion includes moistening food with saliva.

Accept

gastroesophageal sphincter -- contracts to move food into stomach

gastroesophageal sphincter — relaxes to move food into stomach

plicae circulares -- folds that make the contents of the small intestine spiral and slow down as it moves through.

Accept

roots -- part of the tooth below the gum line that absorbs nutrients and oxygen for the odontoblasts in the central pulp cavity.

roots — part of the tooth embedded in the jawbone

rugae -- promote mixing of stomach contents. The third layer of the stomach wall

rugae — non-permanent folds that expand to accommodate entering food

The first teeth to appear, usually the lower incisors at ~ 6 months, are deciduous teeth.

Accept

An adult normally has eight pre-molars.

Accept

Joe is 14 and has had his upper two front teeth knocked out in a fight. His dental formula is most probably 1I, 1C, 2PM, 2M | 2I, 1C, 2PM, 2M

Accept

There are 32 possible permanent teeth. The first appear at ~ 6 years and will fully replace the milk teeth by 13 years.

Accept

Dentin functions to anchor the tooth in place in the jawbone.

Periodontal ligament functions to anchor the tooth in place in the jawbone.

Enamel only covers the crown and does not form after the tooth has erupted.

Accept

Pulp is made up of blood vessels and nerves and only found in the part of the tooth below the gum line.

Pulp is made up of blood vessels and nerves and only found in the part of the tooth above the gum line.

Teeth usually have 1-3 roots. Incisors and canines generally only have one root (true statement). Wisdom teeth have several roots making them harder to pull out.

Accept

Humans are called "heterodonts" because they eat plants and animals

Humans are called "heterodonts" because they have the capacity to eat both plants and animals because they have "many teeth"

Sympathetic innervation of salivary glands increases the production of mucus-like saliva and can result in halitosis because of a lack of serous saliva.

Accept

A tooth after "root canal therapy" will not produce anymore dentin, because the lack of blood supply to the odontoblasts will cause them to die.

Accept

Tooth loss is part of aging and is often due to the peridontal ligament becoming less flexible when the collagen stiffens over time.

Tooth loss is not a part of aging and can be prevented.

Caries are caused when calcified plaque breaks down the enamel of the tooth.

Caries are caused when bacteria breaks down the enamel and dentin of the tooth.

The majority of people over the age of 35 have periodontal disease, which increases their risk of heart disease due to the chronic inflammation.

Accept

Gingivitis causes the formation of calculus.

Calculus causes gingivitis.

Frequent eating does promote a higher risk of cavities because acid is produced from bacterial metabolism of food particles left in the oral cavity and because simple sugars in the diet cause plaque to become thick and stick to teeth.

Accept

Saliva is better able to neutralize acid formed in the mouth if it is flowing faster. Saliva is more alkaline in fast - than slow-flowing saliva.

Accept

Bicuspids are teeth adapted for clipping.

Bicuspids are teeth adapted for grinding/crushing.

Bacteria entering the blood from infected gingiva make it much more likely for a blood clot to form around an already present atheroma (text). If this occurs in a coronary artery, it could lead to myocardial infarction.

Accept

The peristalsis of the esophagus is called GERD

The peristalsis of the esophagus is not called GERD

The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice into the jejunum.

The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum

Villi increase the surface area for digestion and absorption and, have the ability to more in the lumen because they contain smooth muscle in the core.

Accept

The microvilli projections off the enterocytes are collectively called the "brush border".

Accept

The digestion of protein begins in the small intestine.

The digestion of protein begins in the stomach.

The liver is the major digestive organ.

The liver is a minor digestive organ.

The liver produces bile, which contains a lipase for fat digestion.

The liver produces bile, which increases the surface area for the action of lipase

Gallstones are usually produced in the gall bladder when bile salts precipitate out of solution and solidify.

Accept

A major risk factor for gallstones is obesity because of the correlation with excess bilirubin in the blood.

A major risk factor for gallstones is obesity because of increased cholesterol.

The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function, but the digestive function is purely exocrine.

Accept

The pancreas produces enzymes for all foodstuffs.

Accept

The Islet of Langerhans produce all of the pancreatic enzymes.

The acini produce all of the pancreatic enzymes.

Cells in the pancreas produce bicarbonate as part of pancreatic juice. Digestive juice is very alkaline in order to neutralize the acidic chyme in the duodenum.

Accept

A person would have jaundice, pancreatitis and an inability to digest fat only if a gallstone is lodged at the common junction of the bile duct and the pancreatic duct.

Accept

The large intestine is longer than the small intestine and 80% of the water and electrolytes are absorbed in this organ.

The small intestine is longer than the large intestine and 80% of the water and electrolytes are absorbed in the small intestine.

The bacterial flora in the large intestine is not a harmful infection. These bacteria synthesize some B vitamins and most of the vitamin K needed for the liver to synthesize clotting proteins.

Accept

The vermiform appendix is an organ that used to have a function and now no longer does. It protrudes off the sigmoid colon.

The vermiform appendix is an organ that has a function. It protrudes off the cecum.

The enzyme that catalyzes the formation of trypsin has reduced rate of action and is much less effective in the pancreas, because the pancreas also produces an inhibitor of the enzyme (evaluation).

Accept

Mass movements occur right after you have eaten and are the initial part of the defecation reflex.

The stretch of the rectum is the initial part of the defecation reflex.

During the defecation reflex, parasympathetic signals cause the internal sphincter to relax and sympathetic signals to the external sphincter causes contraction to delay defecation.

Accept

The brush border produces enzymes for all classes of foodstuffs except fats.

Accept

enterokinase -- chemically digests protein in the small intestine

enterokinase — activates trypsinogen to trypsin, catalyzing protein digestion

haustral movements -- mixing motion of the large intestine to facilitate water reabsorption.

Accept

mucous -- found in saliva and secreted by goblet cells, in the mouth and large intestine, to lubricate the passage of relatively solid contents within the lumen of the GI tract

Accept

emulsification -- the break-down of proteins to amino acids for absorption

emulsification — the break-down of fats to smaller droplets for absorption

Normal weight is defined as a BMR within 80% of the average of all persons of the same height. One out of two people is now overweight.

Normal weight is defined as a BMR within 80% of the average of all persons of the same height. Two out of three people is now overweight.

The brain evaluates the contents of the gut and provides short-term regulation of feeding behavior by communication on vagal nerve fibers to and from hypothalamic centers.

Accept

The rate of enzyme activity increases at higher temperatures so rising ambient temperatures increase food seeking. Genetic disposition is a strong contributor to obesity.

The rate of enzyme activity decreases at higher temperatures so rising ambient temperatures decrease food seeking. Genetic disposition is a strong contributor to obesity.

The overall satiety signal seems to be the hormone leptin, which causes the hypothalamus to suppress the secretion of neuropeptide Y, the most powerful appetite stimulus known.

Accept

High-density lipoproteins take fat from the liver and deposit it in the walls of arteries.

High-density lipoproteins take excess fat/cholesterol from the walls of arteries and deposit it in the liver.

PKU is an enzyme deficiency that prevents the production of phenylalanine, one of the essential fatty acids.

PKU is an inherited error of metabolism caused by a deficiency in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase.

Fibrous plaques are formed when smooth muscle cells migrate and deposit elastin and collagen in vessel walls.

Accept

The lymphatic system functions to take up protein-containing interstitial fluid. ~3 liters of fluid leaks every 24 hours from the bloodstream.

Accept

Lymph also contains chylomicrons, absorbed from the small intestine.

Accept

Functions of the lymphatic system include transport of red blood cells from red bone marrow.

Functions of the lymphatic system does not include transport of red blood cells from red bone marrow.

Lymph always flows toward the heart.

Accept

The largest lymphatic vessels are called lymph trunks.

The largest lymphatic vessels are called lymphatic ducts

The lymphatic capillaries are more permeable than blood capillaries and have flap-like mini-valves.

Accept

An increase in interstitial fluid opens valves in the thoracic duct.

An increase in interstitial fluid does not open valves in the thoracic duct.

Lymph fluid becomes plasma again in both subclavian veins.

Accept

anastomose -- the movement of lymph aided by the surrounding skeletal muscle

anastomose — the joining together of lymphatic vessels

reticular connective tissue — the predominate tissue in all lymph organs except the thymus, which does not have any.

Accept

lymphedema -- the procedure to remove some of the surrounding tissues during a mastectomy.

lymphedema — the collection of lymph in the upper limbs due to disrupted drainage

thymosin -- the hormone (enzyme) in the thymus that functions in T-cell selection.

Accept

Lymph nodes are the only lymph organs that filter lymph.

Accept

The spleen cleanses the blood from pathogens by the white pulp and cleanses the blood from old blood cells by the red pulp.

Accept

The spleen is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue and thus considered the primary lymphoid organ.

The spleen is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue and but is not considered a primary lymphoid organ.

The spleen makes 1/3 of the body's supply of platelets and stores bilirubin.

The spleen stores and releases 1/3 of the body's supply of platelets

Peyer's patches are clusters of lymphoid tissue that are found primarily in the large intestine.

Peyer's patches are clusters of lymphoid tissue that are found primarily in the small intestine.

In childhood, the thymus initially increases in size but in adolescence, it has atrophied and loses most function after this time.

Accept

Particularly large clusters of lymph nodes occur in cervical, umbilical and mammillary regions.

Particularly large clusters of lymph nodes occur in cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions

The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the palatine.

The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are lingual.

Kidneys are major excretory organs of the body.

Accept