Studied by 4 peopleWHAT IS REQUIRED TO CONVERT LOW VOLTAGE TO HIGH VOLTAGE
A GENERATOR
1 KILOVOLT IS HOW MANY VOLTS
1,000 VOLTS
CONSISTENCY OF VOLTAGE SUPPLIED TO AN X-RAY TUBE DURING THE EXPOSURE
VOLTAGE WAVEFORM
HOW MUCH VOLTAGE VARIES DURING X-RAY PRODUCTION
VOLTAGE RIPPLE
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF GENERATORS
SINGLE-PHASE, THREE-PHASE, HIGH-FREQUENCY
THE ELECTRICAL CURRENT USED IS USUALLY HOW MANY AMPS AND VOLTS
3-5 AMPS AND 10 VOLTS
WHAT TYPE OF GENERATOR HAS TOTAL VARIATION IN VOLTAGE WAVEFORM FROM PEAK TO ZERO VOLTAGE
SINGLE PHASE
WHAT GENERATOR HAS 100% VOLTAGE RIPPLE
SINGLE-PHASE GENERATOR
A THREE-PHASE GENERATOR IN 6-PULSE MODE HAS HOW MUCH VOLTAGE RIPPLE?
13% VOLTAGE RIPPLE
A THREE-PHASE GENERATOR IN 12-PULSE MODE HAS HOW MUCH VOLTAGE RIPPLE?
4% VOLTAGE RIPPLE
WHAT TYPE OF GENERATOR HAS USUALLY LESS THAN 1% VOLTAGE RIPPLE
HIGH-FREQUENCY GENERATORS
THE GENERATOR WITH THE MOST CONSISTENT VOLTAGE IS THE
HIGH-FREQUENCY GENERATORS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLTAGE CONSISTENCY, VOLTAGE RIPPLE, AND QUANTITY/QUALITY OF BEAM
MORE CONSISTENT VOLTAGE-LESS RIPPLE-HIGHER QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF BEAM
QUALITY CONTROL IS
A SERIES OF DIFFERENT TEST TO MAKE SURE THE EQUIPMENT IS WORKING AT HIGH QUALITY
X-RAY QUALITY CAN BE AFFECTED BY
KVP AND EXPOSURE TIME
THE MAXIMUM VARIABILITY OF KILOVOLTAGE IS
WITHIN + OR - 5%
THE MAXIMUM VARIABILITY OF EXPOSURE TIME IS
+ OR - 5% IF TIMES GREATER THAN 10 MS AND + OR - 10% IF TIMES LESS THAN 10 MS
WHAT MEASURES X RAY EXPOSURE TO EVALUATE RADIATION OUTPUT
DOSIMETER
WHAT ARE THE WAYS TO MEASURE RADIATION INTENSITY
REPRODUCIBILITY OF EXPOSURE, MAS RECIPROCITY, AND MA AND EXPOSURE TIME LINEARITY
WHAT VERIFIES THE CONSISTENCY OF RADIATION OUTPUT FOR A SET OF EXPOSURE FACTORS
REPRODUCIBILITY OF EXPOSURE
THE MAXIMUM VARIABILITY FOR REPRODUCIBILITY OF EXPOSURE IS
GIVE OR TAKE 5%
WHAT VERIFIES THE CONSISTENCY OF RADIATION INTENSITY FOR CHANGES IN MA AND EXPOSURE TUME
MAS RECIPROCITY
WHAT IS THE VARIABILITY OF MAS RECIPROCITY
GIVE OR TAKE 10%
WHAT VERIFIES THE PROPORTIONAL CHANGE IS MA OR EXPOSURE TIME OR BOTH TO CHANGE RADIATION INTENSITY
MA AND EXPOSURE TIME LINEARITY
WHAT IS THE MAXIMUM VARIABILITY FOR MA AND EXPOSURE TIME LINEARITY
GIVE OR TAKE 10%
WHATS THE 10% VALUE LAYER
THE AMOUNT OF FILTRATION NEEDED TO CUT THE BEAM INTENSITY BY 1/10TH
WHATS THE HALF-VALUE LATER
THE AMOUNT OF FILTRATION THAT REDUCES INTENSITY OF THE XRAY BEAM TO HALF OF ITS ORIGINAL VALUE
BEST METHOD FOR DESCRIBING X-RAY BEAM QUALITY IS
THE HALF-VALUE LAYER
WHAT CAN BE USED TO INDIRECTLY MEASURE TOTAL FILTRATION IN THE X-RAY BEAM
THE HALF VALUE LAYER
WHAT IS THE MAIN PURPOSE OF FILTRATION
PROTECT PATIENTS FORM UNNECESSARY DOSE
WHAT IS MEASURED DURING A HVL TEST
INTENSITY OF ORIGINAL EXPOSURE AND ADDITION OF FILTRATION IN PATH OF PRIMARY BEAM
THE X-RAY TUBE LIFE CAN BE EXTENDED WITH
THE LEAST-AMOUNT OF HEAT USED
WAYS TO EXTEND TUBES LIFE INCLUDES (name at least 3)
WARM UP TUBES, EXCESSIVE HU GENERATION, HOLDING DOWN BUTTON UNNECESSARILY, LOWER TUBE CURRENT WITH LONG EXPOSURE TIMES, DO NOT MOVE TUBE WHILE ENERGIZED, STOP USING IF AN UNUSUAL NOISE
WHAT IS THE DEVICE THAT RECEIVES THE RADIATION LEAVING THE PATIENT
THE IMAGE RECEPTOR
WHAT DOES NOT HIT THE IR
ANYTHING THE PATIENT ABSORBS
WHAT IS THE LATENT IMAGE
THE RAW/UNPROCESSED IMAGE
REGARDLESS OF THE IMAGES BEING FILM OR DIGITAL. WHAT STAYS SIMILAR
THE ATRIBUTTES OF THE QUALITY
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AN INCREASE IN PT THICKNESS AND ABSORPTION
DIRECT RELATIONSHIP
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AN INCREASE IN ATOMIC NUMBER AND ABSORPTION
DIRECT RELATIONSHIP
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TISSUE DENSITY AND ABSORPTION
DIRECT RELATIONSHIP
THE PROCESS WHERE SOME X-RAY BEAM IS ABSORBED IN THE TISSUE AND SOME IS TRANSMITTED THROUGH THE PART
DIFFERENTIAL ABSORBTION
WHAT IS THE ORDER OF TISSUE DENSITY IN DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION FROM MOST TO LEAST ABSORBED
BONE, MUSCLE, FAT, AIR
REDUCTION OF PHOTONS AS THE BEAM INTERACTS WITH THE ANATOMIC TISSUE
BEAM ATTENUATION
BEAM ATTENUATION IS
ABSORPTION AND SCATTER
HOW DOES TISSUE THICKNESS AFFECT BEAM ATTENUATION
REDUCED BY ~ 50 % FOR EACH 4-5 CM OF TISSUE THICKNESS
HOW DOES THE TYPE OF TISSUE AFFECT BEAM ATTENUATION
HIGHER ATOMIC NUMBER INCREASES BEAM ATTENUATION
HOW DOES THE TISSUE DENSITY AFFECT BEAM ATTENUATION
INCREASING THE DENSITY (COMPACT) INCREASES BEAM ATTENUATION
HOW DOES THE X-RAY BEAM QUALITY AFFECT BEAM ATTENUATION
MORE ENERGY OF THE BAM (HIGHER KVP) REDUCES THE BEAM ATTENUATION (INVERSE RELATIONSHIP)
WHAT HAPPENS TO A PATIENT THAT HAS THINNER TISSUES
MORE TRANSMISSION
WHAT HAPPENS TO A PATIENT THAT HAS THICKER TISSUES
MORE ABSORPTION AND MORE ATTENUATION
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BEAM QUALITY AND ATTENUATION
INVERSE; LOWER ENERGY = MORE ABSORPTION
COMPLETE ABSORPTION OF THE INCOMING PHOTON REPRESENTS
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
WHAT IS HAPPENING WHEN AN INCOMING PHOTON EJECTS AND INNER SHELL ELECTRON AND GETS COMPLETELY ABSORBED
THE PHOTOELECTRON EFFECT
WHAT FILLS THE VACANCY IN AN INNER SHELL ELECTRON EJECTION
AN UPPER-LEVEL ELECTRON SHELL
A SMALLER PERCENTAGE OF PHOTOELECTRIC INTERACTIONS OCCUR AT
HIGHER LEVELS OF KVP
WHAT INTERACTION IS THE NUMBER ONE SOURCE OF PATIENT DOSAGE?
THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
WHAT IS IT CALLED WHEN A PHOTON LOSES SOME OF ITS ENERGY BUT NOT ALL OF IT AND THEN CHANGES DIRECTION
THE COMPTON SCATTERING EFFECT
WHAT IS THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT DEPENDENT ON
THE ENERGY OF THE INCOMING PHOTON AND THE ATOMIC NUMBER OF THE TISSUE
WHAT IS THE COMPTON SCATTER EFFECT DEPENDENT ON
ONLY THE ENERGY OF THE INCOMING PHOTON
THE NUMBER OF COMPTON INTERACTIONS INCREASE COMPARED TO THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT WHEN
THERE IS HIGHER KVP (ALTHOUGH GENERALLY THERE IS LESS INTERACTIONS OVERALL)
AN INCOMING PHOTON LOSES ENERGY AS IT EJECTS AN OUTER SHELL ELECTRON AND CHANGES DIRECTION
COMPTON EFFECT
WHAT PROVIDES NO USEFUL INFORMATION
SCATTERED PHOTONS THAT STRIKE THE IR
WHAT INTERACTION IS THE NUMBER ONE CAUSE OF OCCUPATIONAL DOSAGE
COMPTON SCATTERING
WHAT INTERACTION DOES NOT CONTRIBUTE TO THE QUALITY OF THE IMAGE BUT RATHER EXPOSURE TO ANYONE AROUND THE PATIENT
THE COHERENT-CLASSICAL SCATTERING
INCOMING PHOTON INTERACTS WITH THE ATOM, CHANGES DIRECTION, BUT DOES NOT LOSE ENERGY
COHERENT (CLASSICAL) SCATTERING
EXIT/REMNANT RADIATION IS
TRANSMITTED AND SCATTERED RADIATION
WHAT CREATES UNWANTED EXPOSURE (AKA FOG)
SCATTER RADIATION
WHEN EXPOSURE IS EXTREMELY LOW, WHAT IS SHOWN ON THE IMAGE
QUANTOM MOTTLE (QUANTOM NOISE)
WHEN EXPOSURE IS EXTREMELY HIGH, WHAT IS SHOWN ON THE IMAGE
SATURATION (BURN OUT OF IMAGE)
DIGITAL IMAGES PROVIDES
A DYNAMIC RANGED AND GREATER MARGIN FOR ERROR
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BEAM ATTENUATION, ABSORPTION, AND TRANSMISSION IN INCREASE OF TISSUE THICKNESS
INCREASE ATTENUATION=INCREASE ABORPTION= DECREASE TRANSMISSION (*INVERSE IF DECREASE ON TISSUE THICKNESS)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BEAM ATTENUATION, ABSORPTION, AND TRANSMISSION IN INCREASING ATOMIC NUMBER
INCREASE ATTENUATION=INCREASE ABORPTION= DECREASE TRANSMISSION (*INVERSE IF DECREASE ON ATOMIC NUMBER)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BEAM ATTENUATION, ABSORPTION, AND TRANSMISSION IN INCREASING TISSUE DENSITY
INCREASE ATTENUATION= INCREASE ABORPTION= DECREASE TRANSMISSION (INVERSE IF DECREASING TISSUE DENSITY)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BEAM ATTENUATION, ABSORPTION, AND TRANSMISSION IN INCREASING BEAM QUALITY
DECREASE ATTENUATION= DECREASE ABORPTION= INCREASE TRANSMISSION (INVERSE IF DECREASING BEAM QUALITY)
WHAT CREATES AN INCREASED BRIGHTNESS ON THE IMAGE AND WHAT DOES IT APPEAR AS
ABSORBED RADIATION (WHITE ON THE IMAGE)
WHAT CREASES A DECREASE OF BRIGHTNESS AND WHAT DOES IT APPEAR AS
TRANSMITTED RADIATION (BLACK ON THE IMAGE)
TERM USED TO DESCRIBE THE VARIOUS SHADES OF GRAY RECORDED IN THE IMAGE AND MAKES TISSUE VISIBLE
DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION
ONCE THE LATENT IMAGE IS PROCESSED, IT PRODUCES THE
MANIFEST IMAGE
HOW MUCH X-RAY BEAM INTERACTING WITH THE PART ACTUALLY REACHES THE IR
LESS THAN 5%, EVEN LESS USED TO CREATE THE IMAGE
WHAT ARE 2 FACTORS OF RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITY
VISIBILITY OF STRUCTURES AND THE ACCURACY OF STRUCTURAL LINES (SHARPNESS)
WHAT ARE THE CATEGORIES THAT INFLUENCE THE VISIBILITY OF ANATOMIC STRUCTURES
BRIGHTNESS (WHITES) AND CONTRAST (GRAYS)
WHAT ARE THE CATEGORIES THAT INFLUENCE THE ACCURACY OF STRUCTURAL LINES (AKA SHARPNESS)
SPATIAL RESOLUTION (DETAIL) AND DISTORTION (SHAPE AND SIZE)
THE AMOUNT OF LUMINANCE OF A DISPLAY MONITOR
BRIGHTNESS
WHEN AN IMAGE IS EXTREMELY OVEREXPOSED
SATURATION
WINDOW WIDTH
CHANGED CONTRAST (LLGW)
WINDOW LEVEL
CHANGES BRIGHTNESS (NOT LLGW)
THE RESULT OF THE TISSUES DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION OF XRAY PHOTONS RESULTS IN
RANGES OF BRIGHTNESS LEVELS
THE ABILITY OF AN IMAGING SYSTEM TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN SMALL OBJECTS THAT ATTENUATE THE XRAY BEAM
CONTRAST RESOLUTION
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONTRAST RESOLUTION AND ANATOMIC STRUCTURE VISIBILITY
DIRECT (ONE INCREASES AND SO DOES THE OTHER)
RESULT OF THE DIFFERING ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ANATOMIC TISSUE THAT IS RADIOGRAPHED AND BEAM QUALITY OF XRAY
SUBJECT CONTRAST
LOW SUBJECT CONTRAST IS SEEN IN
BEAM ATTENUATION THAT IS SIMILAR
HIGH SUBJECT CONTRAST IS SEEN IN
BEAM ATTENUATION THAT IS VERY DIFFERENT
THE ABILITY TO DISTINGUISH AMONG TYPES OF TISSUE IS DETERMINED BY
CONTRAST
THE ABILITY OF AN IR TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN OBJECTS HAVING SIMILAR SUBJECT CONTRAST
CONTRAST RESOLUTION
NUMBERR OF DIFFERENT SHADES OF GRAY THAT CAN BE STORED AND DISPLAYED IN A DIGITAL IMAGE
GRAY SCALE
HIGHER CONTRAST VS LOWER CONTRAST RESULTING FROM
HIGHER CONTRAST= MORE DIFFERENCES IN ABSORPTION BETWEEN TISSUES
LOWER CONTRAST= LESS DIFFERENCES IN ABSORPTION BETWEEN TISSUESS
WHAT XRAY IS AN EXAMPLE OF HIGH SUBJECT CONTRAST
CHEST XRAY
WHAT XRAY IS AN EXAMPLE OF LOW SUBJECT CONTRAST
ABDOMEN
HIGH CONTRAST =
BLACK AND WHITE
LOW CONTRAST=
MORE GRAYS OR LLGW
Note
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