psych final

the science of psychology is founded on ____, which is the premise that knowledge should initially be acquired through observation

empiricism

____ ____ is an explanation for an extension group of research findings based on science

scientific theory

proficiency at softball is positively correlated with practice, so there (is or is not) a relationship between practicing softball and being good at softball

is

the immediate reinforcement of the pleasure is (more or less) powerful than delayed reinforcement

more

a major premise underlying psychoanalytic or psychodynamic theories of personality is that ____ conflicts have a large impact on our behavior

interpersonal (we think)

which correlation is weaker? -.11 or +.32

+.32

the most conclusive way to determine causal relationships between variables is to conduct a/an ____

study/experiment

an ____ involves the manipulation of variables, while a correlation al study does not

experiment

a key aspect of an experiment that is missing in other research designs is ___ assignment of participants to different ___

random | groups

one doctor studies how people in groups make different decisions than people by themselves; another focuses on the treatment of abnormal behavior. dr. 1 is a/an ____ psychologist; dr. 2 is a ____ psychologist.

social | clinical (we think)

you and your significant other have a special song that means something to you. you listen to it all the time while you are texting each other. later you are driving alone and the song comes on Spotify. you smile as the song plays. what is the conditioned stimulus?____

the song

you picked up taco bell for lunch. several hours later, he began to feel nauseated. you don’t eat anything else the rest of the day and you associate the illness with lunch. this illustrates the concept of ____ ____

taste aversion

the addition of a ___ stimulus produces a positive reinforcement, where’s removing a/an ____ stimulus produces a negative reinforcement

desired | undesired

frank bites his nails when he becomes nervous because it clams his down. frank‘s behavior is an example of ____ ____

coping mechanisms (we think)

you work for a business that has many employees whose salaries range from $100,000 to nearly $500,000 for the top executives. your boss tells you that your next raise can be based on the mean, median, or mode. what do you choose? _____

mean

charles has been reluctant to talk during class, because, when he spoke in his second grade class, the other children laughed at his stutter. this is an example of which goal of psychology? _____

prediction (we think)

dr. leblanc studies the achievement motivation of female students. he asserts that such motivation mainly reflects the parenting and educational practices the females have experienced. this statement is most directly related to the _____ vs ____ issue; dr. leblanc position is towards the ___ end of the continuum

nature | nurture | nurture

jodie not studying ver much is a ____ explanation for why she failed her psychology midterm

logical

jeremey, katie, wesley, and william have been assigned to a group project. katie ends up doing almost none of the work. katie ends up getting the same grade as the group members. this an example of ____ ____

social loafing

____ ____ theory states that personality results from the dynamic interplay of social norms, environment cues, and individual beliefs, thoughts, and perceptions

social cognitive

someone with low ____ ____ would doubt he can put forth the effort needed to pass an upcoming examination

self efficacy

psychologists believe that personality is a largely the result of multiple _____

factors

list the 5 steps of the scientific method

1. identity the problem

2. conduct background research

3. formulate hypothesis

4. analyze results

5. report results

which big five personality dimension is characterized by constant exploration

openness

antipsychotic drugs have been found to be helpful in the treatment of _____

schizophrenia

define cognitive dissonance

the ____ effect occurs when participants receiving a fake treatment react as if they were receiving the real treatment because they believe they are actually receiving the real treatment

placebo

review random assignments in experiments

review operant conditioning

the response is emitted; given voluntarily; learner is actively making the choice; reinforcement comes after response

_____ conditioning is an involuntary response to a stimulus, whereas _____ conditioning is based on voluntary responses to consequences

classical | operant

_____ stage of prenatal development lasts two weeks and includes a period of rapid cell division, culminating with cell implantation into the female’s uterus

germinal (we think)

_____ is a substance or condition that can increase the risk of prenatal abnormalities

teratogen(s)

according to baumrind the ____ parenting style is most likely to produce self-reliant and high achieving children

authoritative

(review all 3)

review self serving bias

when people credit themselves for success but blame external factors for failure

____ can occur when individuals who are part of a group focus on preserving group solidarity at the expense of considering all possible alternatives or even failing to use rational thought in the process

groupthink

define conformity

adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

the “typical” subject in milgram’s study experienced considerable psychological distress but ____ to administer stronger electric shocks

continued (we think)

the more ____ who are present in an emergency, the less personally responsible each individual feels

individuals

____ refers to negative attitudes toward others, whereas ____ refers to negative behaviors towards others

prejudice | discrimination

____ is helping behavior that is carried out without concern for one’s own safety or self-interest

altruism

according to freud the ____ consists of primitive, instinctual urges

id

____ ____ theory emphasizes that humans are positively motivated and progress toward higher levels of functioning

humanistic personality

____ learning states that one does not need to be hit by a car while crossing the street in order to understand the danger of crossing a street without looking carefully

latent

any behavior that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life is considered abnormal because it is ____

maladaptive (deviant)

the primary purpose of the ____ is to help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders

DSM | S

____ disorders are characterized by unrealistic, irrational fear or worry

anxiety

schizophrenia is a disorder that results from disturbances in ____ that spill into other areas of the persons life

reality/perception

research into demographic differences in the rates of major depressive disorder, or clinical depression as it is often called, suggests that ____ are less likely than ____ to be diagnosed with the disorder in the united states

men | women

a meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcomes concluded that ___% of people who receive psychotherapy have better outcomes than the average untreated person

80

your child says a vulgar word. you might react with amusement or considerable anger. the fact that one event can be interpreted in different ways is central to the ____ approach to therapy

cognitive

the basic idea behind behavior therapy is that ____ behavior is learned and can be unlearned.

maladaptive

review dependent variables

what the researcher measures to see if it changes as a result of manipulation

or examine the relationship between brain damage and intelligence levels, one will have to conduct a/an ____ study

correlation

a ___ is a testable prediction about a new factors, based on existing theories

hypothesis

review classical conditioning

the response is elicited; involuntary; learner is passive; reinforcement is before response

a reinforcer is a consequence that ____ a behavioral, while a punisher is a consequence that ____ a behavior

strengthens | weakens

____ are useful when information from many people is required

cohorts (we think)

replication of research allows us to establish the ____ and ____ of the original results

validity | generalizability

review major depressive disorder

the presence of depressed mood and/or loss of interest in pleasurable activities

someone who dwells over others doing wrong to them is most likely to become ____ when provoked

vindictive (we think)