Chem 1411 Exam 1 Review

steps of the scientific method

observations, hypothesis, experiments, theory

qualitative data

descriptive, non-numerical data

quantitative data

numbers-based, countable, or measureable

mega

M = 10⁶

kilo

k = 10³

deci

d = 10^-1

centi

c = 10^-2

milli

m = 10^-3

micro

µ = 10^-6

nano

n = 10^-9

pico

p = 10^-12

density

mass/volume

mass

density x volume

volume

mass/density

accuracy

how close to the true value a given measurement is

precision

how well a number of independent measurements agree with each other

Al

Aluminum

Ar

Argon

Ba

Barium

B

Boron

Br

Bromine

Ca

Calcium

C

Carbon

Cl

Chlorine

F

Fluorine

He

Helium

H

Hydrogen

I

Iodine

Li

Lithium

Mg

Magnesium

Mn

Manganese

N

Nitrogen

O

Oxygen

P

Phosphorus

Si

Silicon

S

Sulfur

Zn

Zinc

Cu

Copper

Fe

Iron

Pb

Lead

Hg

Mercury

K

Potassium

Ag

Silver

Na

Sodium

properties of metals

good conductors of electricity, heat; malleable, ductile; lustrous, shiny, reflective

properties of nonmetals

poor conductors (insulators); brittle, dull, appear one color

properties of semi-metals (metalloids)

semi-conductors

law of conservation of mass

mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions (ex. the combined masses of two reactants will equal the combined masses of two products)

law of multiple proportions

elements can combine in different ways to form different substances, whose mass ratios are small whole-number multiples of each other

covalent bond

a strong attractive force that results when two atoms share a pair (or 2 or 3 pairs) of electrons; typically a nonmetal atom bonded to another nonmetal or sami-metal atom

ionic bond

a strong attractive force created by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another; typically a metal atom bonded to a nonmetal atom

avogadro’s number

one mole of any substance contains 6.022 × 10²³ formula units

kelvin

°C + 273

°C

K - 273

mass (fundamental SI unit)

kilogram (kg)

length (fundamental SI unit)

meter (m)

temperature (fundamental SI unit)

kelvin (K)

amount of substance (fundamental SI unit)

mole (mol)

time (fundamental SI unit)

second (s)

mass (SI unit)

kilogram, kg

length (SI unit)

meter, m

temperature (SI unit)

kelvin, K

amount of substance (SI unit)

mole, mol

time (SI unit)

second, s