MMSC200 Exam 1 (ch. 1-6)

Rules of Medical terms

1) All medical terms MUST have a suffix
2) Most terms have at least one root(exceptions: apnea, anemia)
3)Some terms do not have a prefix or combining vowel, but they all do have a suffix (gastritis, hepatic)
4) Combining vowels are used to connect two roots or a root and suffix
5) Combining vowel taken out if suffix begins with vowel (encephalopathy)
6) Prefix can be attached to root without combining vowel (subhepatic)

combining vowel

connects roots to suffixes and roots to other roots

electrocardiogram

record of the electrical activity of the heart

subgastric

pertaining to below the stomach

Cell

fundamental unit of all living things

muscle cells

Shorten to cause movement of the body. They move the skeleton, heart, and internal organs

epithelial cells

skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of organs

fat cells

store nutrients

4 types of tissues of the body

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

connective tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts

epithelial tissue

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out(made of cells closely packed)

Cartilage

A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.

histologist

specialist in the study of tissues

body cavity

Body cavities are the spaces within the body that contain internal organs(viscera).

What organs does the cranial cavity hold?

brain and pituitary gland

What organs does the thoracic cavity hold?

Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes

What organs does the abdominal cavity contain?

digestive organs
stomach, small and large instestine, spleen, pancreas, liver, gall bladder

What organs does the pelvic cavity contain?

urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, parts of intestines

Spinal Cavity holds

spinal cord, nerves of spine

cranial cavity

contains the brain

thoracic cavity

contains heart and lungs, pleural cavity and mediastinum

Mediastinum

space between the lungs

abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

peritoneum

-a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
-covers visceral organs

9 regions of abdominopelvic cavity

right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric, left inguinal

4 quadrants of abdominopelvic cavity

right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

spinal cavity

spinal column and disc, pelvic bones

Proper Anatomical Position

Standing erect, palms forward, feet forward

Anterior(ventral)

front

Posterior(dorsal)

back

deep

away from the surface

superficial

near the surface

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

away from the point of attachment

Superior

above

Inferior

away from the head

Caudal

toward the tail or inferior end

Cephalic

pertaining to the head

lateral

away from the midline

Medial

toward the midline

unilateral

pertaining to one side

anteroposterior

from front to back

posteranterior

from back to front

frontal plane of the body

coronal

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

supine position

lying on back, facing upward

prone position

lying face down

Sternum

breastbone, connects ribs via cartilage forming rib cage that protects the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels

hernia

Protrusion of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it

hiatal hernia

protrusion of a part of the stomach upward through the opening in the diaphragm

inguinal hernia

the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin

omphalocele

herniation at the umbilicus

amniocentesis

the sampling of amniotic fluid using a hollow needle inserted into the uterus, to screen for developmental abnormalities in a fetus.

Streptococcus

berry-shaped (bacterium) in twisted chains

Anemia

A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume.

-algia, -dynia

pain

-cele

hernia

-centesis

surgical to remove fluid

-cyte

cell

-emia

blood condition

-genesis

condition of producing, forming

-ectomy

removal; excision

-tomy

incision, cutting into

-stomy

creating or installing an new opening

nephrectomy

surgical removal of a kidney

kindly incision

nephrotomy

kidney new opening

nephrostomy

adenoids

mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx

adenoidectomy

excision of the adenoids

-trophy

development

-malacia

softening

-megaly

enlargement

-oma

tumor

acromegaly

enlargement of the extremities(hands, feet)

splenomegaly

enlargement of the spleen (if spleen is removed, other organs can carry out its functions)

Achondroplasia

A form of human dwarfism caused by a single dominant allele; the homozygous condition is lethal

blepharoptosis

drooping eyelid

laparoscopy

visual examination of the abdomen(minimally invasive)

Ischemia

Lack of blood supply

erythrocyte

red blood cell

Thrombocytes(platelets)

clotting cells

leukocytes

white blood cells

Granulocytes

A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.

Agranulocytes

A group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei; lymphocytes, monocytes.

Neutrophils

A type of white blood cell that engulfs bacterial cells

Eosinophils

defend against toxic compounds

Basophils

release histamine
-act in allergic reactions

Monocytes

An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.

Lymphocytes

A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections

Leukocytosis

increase in the number of white blood cells

-penia

abnormally decrease in cells (leukopenia, neutropenia)

ante

before, in front of

auto-

self

antibiotic

destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses

Antigen

a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

antibody

A protein that acts against a specific antigen

autoimmune disorder

the body makes antibodies against its own healthy cells and tissues, causing inflammation and injury

Graves disease

Antibodies produced stimulate the production of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism)

juvenile diabetes

destroys pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin