H&PA Exam 2 - Conditions / Diseases / Injuries

Coup

Injury at the direct site of impact.

Contrecoup

Opposite from the impact site occurs when the brain rebounds and strikes inside of the skull.

Strabismus

Disorder in which the eyes don’t look in exactly the same direction at the same time.

Diplopia

Seeing two images of an object, also known as double vision.

Cataracts

A cloudy, opaque area over the lens of one or both eyes.

Glaucoma

Manifests itself with the initial loss of peripheral vision.

Diabetic retinopathy

Manifests itself with a patient seeing spots, floaters and blurred vision.

Macular Degeneration

Loss of central vision and can lead to eventual blindness.

Acoustic neuroma

A noncancerous tumor that can form on an important nerve involved in balance.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)

A vestibular (balance) disorder that happens when small fragments of your inner ear (otoconia) get trapped in your semicircular canal. This can make you feel like you’re moving when you aren’t, or have feelings of extreme dizziness or feeling like the room is spinning.

Hearing loss

A common condition with many causes and types, including age-related hearing loss (presbycusis), noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL).

Inner ear infection (otitis interna)

Any condition that causes inflammation in your inner ear. The most common types are labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis. Infections can cause severe hearing loss and prolonged dizziness.

Ménière’s disease:

Chronic (long-lasting) inner ear condition that causes fluctuating problems with both hearing and balance.

Ototoxicity

Damage to your inner ear that’s a side effect of taking certain medications.

Tinnitus

Ringing in your ears that’s often related to hearing loss.

Deviated septum

Shifting of the nasal cavity wall.

Nasal polyps

Soft growths on the lining of the nose or sinuses.

Epistaxis

Nosebleeds

Rhinitis

Inflammation of the nose and sinuses, sometimes caused by allergies.

Sinusitis

Chronic inflammation of the sinuses.

Smell and taste disorders

• Complete loss of smell (anosmia) or taste (ageusia).

• Distorted or partial loss (parosmia, hypogeusia) or even the sensation of phantom smells (phantosmia).

Allergies

An immune system overreaction to a normally harmless substance, known as an allergen.

Strep Throat

A bacterial infection causing a sore, red throat with symptoms like fever, swollen lymph nodes, and white patches on the tonsils. 

Enlarged tonsils

Inflamed, swollen lumps in the throat that can be a symptom of strep throat, making it hard to breathe or swallow. 

Strep Rash

Known as scarlet fever, is a red, sandpaper-like rash that can develop as a result of a strep throat infection and often starts on the neck and chest before spreading.

Crepitus

Audible or palpable crunching/ grating  

Penetrating Injury

Motion of a foreign body entering the body, causing direct damage

Indirect Injury: GSW

High velocity

Indirect Injury: Stab

Low velocity

Indirect Injury: Impalement

Collision of object into patient

Indirect Injury: Avulsion/Degloving

Stretching/tearing away of soft tissue

Dehiscence

• The partial or complete separation of a surgical incision that has been previously closed.

  • A closed anatomical structure that splits open, releasing its contents.

Evisceration

The protrusion of organs (usually abdominal) through a surgical wound that has opened.

The environment of the injury

Dirt, debris and water

Foreign body risk

Motorcycle crash

Bite injuries

High risk for infection

Compression injuries

High risk for necrosis

Alert

• Awake, eyes open, answers questions appropriately

• Aware of external and internal stimuli

Lethargic

• Can’t keep eyes open/stay awake

• Excessive drowsiness

• Able to wake to verbal stimuli

Obtunded

• Sleeps most of the time

• Responds only to loud name calling or vigorous shaking

• No interest in surroundings

Stuporous

• Little response to verbal stimuli

• Requires persistent/vigorous stimulation

• Requires painful stimuli to respond

• Moans in response to stimuli

Comatose

• Unable to be aroused

• No response to stimuli

Receptive Aphasia

• Cannot understand written or spoken language

• Hears sounds/reads words but does not understand the words

• Can speak fluently and effortlessly with clear speech but they say the wrong or made-up words when speaking

Expressive Aphasia

• Understands spoken and written language

• Cannot express oneself verbally or transcribed

Global Aphasia

Experiences components of both expressive and receptive aphasia

Clonus

Rapid, rhythmic contraction of muscle

Hyperreflexia

Exaggerated reflex

Hyporeflexia

Diminished or absent reflex

Articulation Disorders (common)

• Phonological - mental representation problem (can make sound, but doesn't)

• Articulation - structural problem (can't make sound)

• Substitutions, omissions, additions, distortions

Fluency Disorders

Interruptions in the flow of speaking (stuttering)

Voice Disorders

Pitch, duration, intensity, resonance, vocal quality

Motor Speech Disorders

• Apraxia - lack of coordinated muscle movement

• Dysarthria - weak, slow, or paralyzed muscles