Adolescence Test 1

themes and approach’s to the perspectives of adolescence

• ecological systems approach

• stages

• globalization & cultural diversity

• practical applications

• educated consumers

• negative/positive psychology

ecological systems approach

looks at interplay between adolescence and environment

child is at centre of universe, microsystem, medosystem, ecosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem

stage - environment fit

as adolescence get older they change and want more independence - parents don’t want to give them - the fit between what adolescence want and need vs what parents are willing to give

globalization & cultural diversity

increasingly more important - we have instantaneous access to what's going on in the world adolescence can see what's happening in world around us and try to understand 

practical application

we have theories and research but need to apply it to better the lives of adolescence

educated consumers

we can look at research and decide if it merits the conclusions - judge merits and draw conclusions about research for self

negative/positive psychology

we tend to focus too much on negative rather than positive despite their being much positive aspects to research and at play

adolescence definition

stage in development

time period in which individuals go through puberty

adolescent definition

teenagers

adolescents go through puberty

word comes from “to grow up”

1500s peoples argued of times periods of growing up & wanted teens separated from children

what is the ages of adolescence

childhood → adulthood

between ages of 13→18/19 some people say 12→22

when child starts to go through bodily changes

how do people see adolescents vs adults

how much does person rely on parents

how much they know about themselves

what kind of bodily changes do adolescents go through to indicate their age

 growth spurts

sexual maturation (when can they have own kids) - think sign that adolescent is growing up

two sorts of transitions

normative

idiosyncratic

normative transitions

change that happens to most people at the same age

• puberty, high school graduation

idiosyncratic transitions

change that happens to an individual at unpredictable times

• serious illness, moving to new province, parental divorce 

phases and tasks of adolescence

Early adolescence: 11-13 - adapting to puberty

Middle adolescence 15-18 - independence and intimacy

Late adolescence 19-22 - work, relationships and values - sense of self

Robert Havighurts tasks and phases of adolescence

1. Body image: accepting ones body image - accepting who you are

2. Emotionally autonomy from parents - healthy relationship - independence with support

3. Understanding gender: own gender and others

4. Develop friendships with other genders

5. Behave in socially responsible ways - lean what their causes are (what they care about socially - climate change)

6. Establish a meaningful set of values - able to make boundaries with family/friends

7. Prepare for vocation - figure out what you want to do in future

8. Prepare for significant relationships: spouse and family

adolescence in Ancient times: 4th centaury C BCE to 3rd C CE GREECE

when a boy reached puberty he began formal training in grammar, music, gymnastics

They get citizenship till 18 (take oath of allegiance to city state) but you weren't considered a full citizen until about 30 (people typically married at 30 - 18 they train to be solider

Girls - never considered citizen - minor forever - married at 15 despite men being about 30

adolescence in Ancient times: 4th centaury C BCE to 3rd C CE: ANCIENT ROME

boys can marry as young as 13 but not seen as adults

at 16 they wear same type of toga as adult men - not full citizen till 1 full year of military pursuits

girls are considered minor whole life - can marry at 12

adolescence in Life cycle service in pre-industrial Europe (middle ages)

Ruel areas - boys start at 10/12 you provided for what the village needed (ex: needed a baker - boy lives with current baker to learn)

adolescence in 18th century Rousseau:

believed we should cherish childhood, adolescence

Inherent nature of human nature is decency, goodness and kindness - innate purity

Argued in early Latin schools that we should tease apart children and adolescence - argued for different stages and tailor education to said stages

adolescents in 19th century

child labour in American and Canadian industry: adolescence seen as a social problem

• Sent to place to work especially if family had a lot of kids and they were to expensive - needed way to bring money back into family

• Worked in mines - until in coal mine in England (queen Victoria)  and there was such a bad storm that the river overflowed and the water flooded mines and may children drowned

• 1929 great depression

• "Baby boom"

adolescence in the 20th century

The age of adolescence

• Role of child labour laws and longer schooling

• Farm went to oldest son so other kids went to factories in cities

• Build places for them to stay but then children started drinking too much and began social problem

• Age stratification

• Teenagers in novels, movies, comics

1929 great depression

tough 10 year period - not money or work - in family's they told teenage sons to stay ins school so they could get better job in future  - dads would make money/ jobs if available till then

baby boom

"Baby boom" after world war 2 - all the kids born started to become adolescent in 1950s

sexual revolution - music revolution - coming of age - governments couldn’t ignore their voice because there was so many of them

age stratification

when children started dividing selves by age groups to hang out with (adolescence, teenagers)

• Social science discovers adolescence

• Teenagers in novels, movies, comics - people started making things geared towards different age groups

Canadian teenagers today

Stereotype of sex, drugs, rock and violence

• Seeing the effects of changing family structure - a lot of teens are living with parents but parents are separated - step siblings

•  growing influence of peers

• Consumerism

• Mixed messages about adolescent sexuality

what is the growing influence of peers of adolescents

obsession with being in touch with each other - instant gratification - social media - can lead to cyberbullying

consumerism in adolescence

having to have the right stuff (brand names, electronics) - today teenagers have 4x the amount of clothes then there parent had when they were a teen - plays into peer groups

adolescence; population pyramid

Young at bottom older at the top

• Looks at the amount of adolescents based on ages/gender - looking at how many females are different ages

• People at top of pyramid pay for the things people at the bottom of pyramid need in society

• expansive, constrictive, stationary

expansive population period

large base

constructive population pyramid

middle is larger than base

baby boom

stationary population pyramid

similar throughout

what part of Canadas population is between 10-19

11%

what part of Africas population is between 10-19

23%

what part of South Asia population is between 10-19

19%

what part of middle east population is between 10-19

17%

Trends and problems in adolescence today

• Glamorization of teens in western society

• Fitting in with the crowd

• Schooling for all

• Benefits and dangers of moving to the city

• The scourge of HIV/AIDS - found after sexual revolution

What do adolescence need to survive and grow?

• A caring relationship with at least one adult: serve as a mentor - be there and help them when needed

• Social support systems: families, schools, communities, health care

• Social competence and life skills: have the skills to be able to make wise and competent choices by self

• Motivated for life long learning

• Ability to live with uncertainty and change: seems right now adolescence have hard time with coping with change/disruption

• Belief in a promising future: belief that things will be better in the future - something to hope for and look forward too

G.Stanley Hall biological & evolutionary perspectives

trained students to deal with adolescents - brought the attention to adolescent population - influenced by Charles Darwin

• Ontogeny & recapitulates phylogeny

• Recapitulation

• Storm and stress

ontogeny

development of the species is mimicking the species

recapitulation

We are historically mimicking the development of the human race

storm and stress

theory that adolescence is a period of stress - normal for them to be in period of anxiety and stress due to biological changes that are occurring because of puberty

(we don’t accept this ? Dismisses depression as everyone goes through it - we may miss a warning sign)

Contrast effects - stress at this point compared to other times

Anna Freud: psychoanalytic view

Focused of structures of personality: ID (impulses, instant gratification) , ego( tries to balance ID and superego  and superego (morality police)

• Sexual maturation results in the development of the structures of personality

• A lot of emotional turmoil in adolescence and that creates a rise in the ID (disorderly conduct)

which of ericksons stages concerns adolescence

8 stages of development - one in adolescence

• identity vs role confusion  

  • are you doing what you want to do or what someone else wants you to do

• understanding of self vs confusion of self

what happens if you do not find self identity and are confused of self

If identity achievement does not occur - leads to confusion and confusion can lead to self doubt

• Confusion can trigger anxiety resulting in drug and alcohol use

Piagets theory of adolescence

cognitive theory: adolescents and formal operations

skinners theory of adolescence

learning theory: operant conditioning

Banduras theory of adolescence

social cognitive theory: vicarious learning

• Bobo doll

whats in the center of ecological system

child

micosystem

all those with direct contact with adolescent

• important players

mesosystem

the interactions/interrelationships among the people in the adolescents microsystem

• parent/teacher

• parent/friend

ecosystem

things that indirectly affect the adolescent

• types of job parents have (affects what child can have: by car @ 16 vs not, vacations)

macrosystem

we all live within laws, culture, values - important things that surround us (holidays & celebrations)

chrono-system

dimension of time

what is puberty

when one is now capable of reproduction

• Begins with hormone production in the brain

• Hormones are produced by Endocrine system

hypothalamus

area of brain of that controls the endocrine system - includes pituitary, gonad's (ovaries in females and testis in males)

•  responsible for 4 basic biological behaviours: 4 Fs

• Pituitary ; responsible for sending messages about hormones

4 Fs of behaviors

1. Fighting

2. Fleeing

3. Feeding

4. Mating

Adrenarche

 adrenal glands produce DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) - hormone levels start to rise

• Why? What starts/triggers this? We don’t really know!

hormones changes during puberty for boys

testosterone goes way up and estradiol on goes up a little

hormones changes during puberty for girls

estradiol goes way up and testosterone goes up a little

what does the increase in hormones during puberty mean

it initiate physical development, and sexual maturation

what is one of the most important changes adolescence

adolescent growth spurt

when do adolescent girls get their growth spurt

start at 10 and ends at 16

until this time boys and girls are about the same heights

Girls grow 4 inches taller then boys for first 2 years

girls grow about 8cm/yr

Muscle- fat ratio: 2/4

when do adolescent boys get their growth spurt

starts at age 12 ends at 18

until about age 10 boys and girls are about the same heights - girls grow 4inch taller from 10-12

Boys grow about 9cm/yr

Muscle- fat ratio: 1-3

how do adolescents Height, weight, muscles change during puberty

20% more muscle mass at 15

girls grown proportions with more fat, boys more muscle

body proportions: boys grow wider in shoulders & girls grow wider in hips

what is the rate of development in adolescence similar to

Rate of development is similar to how fast you develop in infancy

primary sex characteristics

organs & structure directly related to reproduction: penis, vagina, uterus

sexual maturation of the penis during puberty

doubles in length and girth

sexual maturation of uterus

doubles in length from ages 10-18

secondary sex characteristics

physical signs we see of puberty but not directly involved with reproduction - things we can see

voice changes, breast development, pubic/underarm hair

when do boys voices change

after age 12

sign of sexual maturation in girls + age

menarche: first menstral period

ages 11-13: avg 12.7

when does menarche start

when girl is at her maximum grow cycle

about 105 lbs & 23% body fat

• Athletic girls with less fat and weigh less likely to get it early

• Correlated with start of mothers cycle - around same age

• Affected by nutrition and physical exercise/exertion

• comes later in poorer countries

does growth rate slow down after menarche

yes

body type if menarche occurred later than avg

taller and leaner figure

body type of menarche occurred earlier than avg

shorter and more weight on them

what marks sexual maturation in boys

first ejaculation

spermarche or semenarche - change because not much sperm at first

• First time usually occurs  12 1/2 -13 1/2 

• during wet dreams

age of breast development and growth spurt in girls

age 10

age of pubic hair for girls

age 11

age of menarche for girls

age 12.7

age of underarm hair for girls

age 13

age of oil/sweat glads + acne for girls

ages 13+

age of testes + scrotum development + growth spurt + penis growth in boys

age 12

ages of maximum penis growth for boys

ages 14-16

age of underarm hair growth for guys

age 13

age of voice changes in boys

ages 14-16

age of facial hair growth for boys

age 14

age of oil/sweat development in boys

ages 14+

4 types of timing of puberty

early maturing boys

early maturing girls'

late maturing boys

late maturing boys

early maturing boys

Larger size and muscular build

Good coordination - athletic/jocks - social advantages/popular = good self esteem and concept

• adult resemble hypothesis

• Typically people see more advantages then disadvantages

adult resemblance hypothesis

 the more you look like an adult the more people will treat you like one - and when you are a teen there is more pressure to behave like an adult

• start to hangout with guys that look like that that are typically older - correlated with delinquency and substance use from hanging out with older people

early maturing girls

starts at age 10

• Disadvantage in elementary

• First to develop breasts - have to get bras before anyone else - self conscious and uncomfortable bc people are pointing out and embarrass them

• Disadvantages continue till junior high/high school - look older - older guys attracted to younger girls - more boyfriends

• Problem start dating young - earlier first sexual experiences might not understand protection

• Bustier and shorter due to mensural starting early

late maturing girls

• Mixed feelings/advantages/disadvantages

• Treated like little girls

• Petite and small

• High school - linear body build due to growing slower longer

late maturing boys

• high disadvantages

• Group w most disadvantages - not as strong, coordinated and developed as boys around then

• Lower self esteem and higher anxiety

• Class clown

• More creative and scholarly as an adult

how do parents respond to puberty

Parents have to adapt to adolescent changes

Teens demand more input, fewer restrictions

Conflict occurs more likely in early adolescence - start to decrease conflict bc adolescent has worn parent down so parent eases up

Gender intensification

distancing hypothesis

gender intensification on adolescence

push toward traditional roles - more lenient with sons than daughters growing up

distancing hypothesis

conflict decreases because they spend less time together

how do different cultures respond to puberty

• Puberty rites recognize transition to adulthood

• Sweet sixteen Quinceañero bas/bar mitzvah, Hunting passages (other cultures)

• Drivers licence/drinking age/voting age (western)

• Religious: confirmation

brain development in puberty:

synaptic pruning

myelinization

decision making areas of cortex

pleasure centres