MMW 13 Final

Merchant Capitalism

* Accumulate capital through movement of commodities
* Cheap to expensive markets
* Labor: forced, exploited

Militarization of Southeast Asian Waters

* New Columbian State Dynamics
* Often initiated by SA powers
* Increase manpower and arms against external threats
* State Consolidation
* Guns & alliances
* Territorial expansion
* Administrative centralization
* Royal monopoly of product

\

New Conquest History

* Role of disease
* technology (guns) still important
* But not as decisive
* Indigenous allies
* soldiers and in other capacities

\

“New World” Crops China

* maize
* sweet potato
* peanuts

Pacific Trade

* Silver to Asia
* Exchange
* Silks
* Porcelains
* Spices

Plantation Trading Complex

* was an engine of trans-Atlantic slavery
* focused on key commodities, especially sugar and enslaved peoples
* two-thirds of Africans brought to Mediterranean and Atlantic to produce sugarcane
* second wave of colonialism= slave-driven empires

Protein-Rich crop theory

* Transition from hunting gathering to sedentism varies by region
* Middle East 11.000-9,000 BCE
* Protein rich crops (barley, wheat)
* people live off of this food
* Latin America 2,000 BCE
* maize- initially poor crop
* beans


* Sedentism
* Germs and resistance
* Weapons
* steel
* trial and error
* Europeans adapt from Middle East

\

Repartimiento

* Seasonal draft labor
* Human carrier
* Mine labor
* Build roads

Science and Empire

* Colonies and institutions
* spread ideas
* expand knowledge
* Scientists: agents of empire
* Colonies: also sites of knowledge

\

Second Colonial Wave

* WHO
* Dutch, English French (D.E.F.)
* WHY
* envy
* fear
* Militant Protestantism
* HOW
* Plantation/Trade Complex
* Shipbuilding industries
* North Atlantic Seaport
* Mariners and merchants
* Commerce
* wealth

Silver Production

* Provides bullion for purchase and trade
* Connects Asia directly to the Americas through Pacific exchange (c.1571)
* Influences political dynamics of Asian states
* Shapes cultural practices in Europe and America
* Driven by Amerindian labor

Seven Years’ War

* global conflict involving the great powers of Europe

Single Whip

* 1576
* Single tax paid in silver instead of rice
* sparks global demand for silver

\

Spanish-Indigenous Alliances in the Americas

* Spaniards exploited discontented subjects or families
* Promised them rewards if they won
* Military and civilian (100,000s)
* rivalries
* concessions

\

Indigenous Notions of Conquest

* Warfare chronic in Americas
* Indigenous conquistadores
* not simply allies

\
Indigenous allies did not expect

* permanent sociopolitical subordination
* Spaniards to live among them
* to be homogenized as “Indians”
* religious beliefs persecuted and destroyed

Sugar Production

White Gold= Sugar

* most important commodity in Europe
* Molasses and rum
* 1/3 Europe’s economy
* Sugar production
* Labor intensive

Treaty of Alcacovas

* Official European dominion
* Right to divide and conquer
* No consent from indigenous peoples

\

Scientific Expeditions

* Scientists travel globally
* Astronomical measurements
* Catalogue flora and fauna
* Physics experiments
* Spread, collect, and disseminate ideas
* including “pirates”