Macromolecules

Name this monosaccharide

Glucose

Name this monosaccharide

Fructose

Name this monosaccharide

Galactose

Name this structure

Monosaccharide

(one sugar)

Name this structure

Polysaccharide

(Many sugars)

Name this structure

Disaccharide

(Two sugars)

Name this polysaccharide

Glycogen

Highly branched chains

Name this polysaccharide

Cellulose

(Fiber)

Strands joined by hydrogen bonds

Name this polysaccharide

Starch

(Amylopectin)

Unbranched or slightly branched chains

Name this structure

Amylose

Unbranched starch

What type of bonds are used in carbohydrates?

Glycosidic linkages

What disaccharide is made with glucose and galactose?

Lactose

What disaccharide is made with glucose and glucose?

Maltose

What disaccharide is made with glucose and fructose?

Sucrose

What polymer is used in a carbohydrate?

Polysaccharide

What monomer is used in a carbohydrate?

Monosaccharide

Strands joined by peptide bonds

Peptidoglycan

What is the function of starch and where is it found?

Energy storage

It is found in plant cells

What is the function of glycogen and where is it found?

Energy storage

It is found in animal cells

What is the function of cellulose and where is it found?

Structural support

It is found in plant cell walls

What is the function of chitin and where is it found?

Structural support

It is found in fungal cell walls and insect and crustacean exoskeletons

What is the function of peptidoglycan and where is it found?

Structural support

It is found in bacterial cell walls

What is the most abundant natural biopolymer?

Cellulose

Four major functions of carbohydrates in cells

1. Energy storage (short term)

2. Structural molecules made from glucose

3. Used to build complex molecules

4. Cell identity markers

What macromolecule has the chemical structure CH2O?

Carbohydrates

They have a 1:2:1 ratio of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

What is the most common monosaccharide?

Glucose

Define dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction that joins two molecules together by removing water.

Define hydrolysis

A chemical reaction that breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones using water.

Define cellular respiration

The process of converting chemical energy in food into a usable form of energy for organisms.

Monomer

A small unit that joins with others to form a polymer.

Polymerization

The process of joining small molecules to form a large molecule.

Polymer

A large molecule made of repeating units.

Macromolecule

A very large molecule.

What have 3-7 carbons and are named by carbon number?

Monosaccharides

•Trioses (3) •Pentoses (5) •Hexoses (6)

Isomer

A molecule that has the same chemical formula as another molecule, but with a different arrangement of atoms in space, leading to distinct structural properties and potentially different functions within the organism.

How are disaccharides formed?

Dehydration synthesis

Hydroxyl group

A functional group in chemistry consisting of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. -OH

Glycogenolysis

When glycogen breaks down to release glucose.

Lipids

Non-polar, hydrophobic molecules, including fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.

Triglycerides

•Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

•Energy storage

•Non-polar (hydrophobic)

•3 carbons connected to 3 hydroxyl groups

Phospholipids

•Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group

•Form cell membranes

•Amphipathic (charged)

•Most abundant lipid in the cell

Saturated fatty acid

•Single bonds between carbons

•Saturated with hydrogen atoms

•Usually solid at room temperature (butter, lard)

•Forms plaque in arteries

Unsaturated fatty acid

•At least 1 double bond between carbons

•For 1 double carbon bond, 2 hydrogen atoms are removed

•Usually liquid at room temperature (olive oil, canola oil)

•Helps lower blood cholesterol

Steroids

•Fused ring structure

•Hydrophobic

•Signaling molecules; cell communication

-Progesterone

-Estrogen

-Testosterone

-Cortisol

What is the most common steroid?

Cholesterol

Cholesterol

•Found in cell membranes = fluidity

•Precursor to hormones, vitamin D, and bile salts

•Absorbs fats

•Necessary for body function

Trans fats

Unsaturated fat where the hydrogen atoms on the carbon chain are positioned opposite each other, creating a straighter molecular structure, making them behave more like saturated fats

Four major functions of lipids

1. Energy storage (long term)

2. Protection and insulation for organs

3. Structural

4. Hormones

What monomer is used in a lipid?

Fatty acids

What polymers are used in lipids?

Triglycerides

Phospholipids

What type of bonds are used in lipids?

Ester bonds

Name this structure

Phospholipid

Name this structure

Triglyceride

Name this structure

Steroid (cholesterol)

What type of fatty acid is this?

Unsaturated fatty acid (cis double bond)

What type of fatty acid is this?

Unsaturated fatty acid (trans double bond)

What type of fatty acid is this?

Saturated fatty acid

Define amphipathic

A compound that possesses both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts.

What part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

The fatty acid tails

What part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

The phosphate grouped head

What forms a bilayer in cell membranes?

Phospholipids

Identify this bond

Cis bond

Identify this bond

Trans bond

What is the molecular formula for glucose, galactose, and fructose?

C6H12O6

Amino acids are composed of a central carbon atom bonded to what?

•Amino group

•Carboxyl group

•R-group

•Hydrogen atom

How many common amino acids are there?

20

What type of bonds are used in proteins?

Peptide bonds

What monomer is used in protein?

Amino acids

What polymers are used in protein?

Proteins

Polypeptides

How are amino acids separated from each other?

Hydrolysis

What are called the “building blocks” of proteins?

Amino acids

What is a carbon-nitrogen backbone, also known as a peptide backbone?

A chain of carbon and nitrogen atoms

What is a short stretch of amino acids called?

Polypeptide

What protein structure is this?

Primary structure

What protein structure is this?

Secondary structure

What protein structure is this?

Tertiary structure

What protein structure is this?

Quaternary structure

What type of bonds do R groups with opposite charges make?

Ionic bonds

What type of bonds do amino acids with polar side chains make?

Hydrogen bonds

What happens between cysteine side chains when they interact?

Disulfide linkages

What is responsible for catalyzing a biochemical reaction?

Enzymes

What are the chemical reactants that bind to an enzyme called?

Substrates

Where does the substrate bind to on the enzyme?

Active site

When an enzyme binds to its substrate and changes shape, what process is this?

Induced fit

What type of protein coordinates the activity of different body systems?

Hormones

What type of protein protects the body from foreign pathogens?

Defense proteins

What type of protein makes up the cytoskeleton?

Structural proteins

What type of protein affects muscle contraction?

Contractile proteins

What type of protein catalyzes chemical reactions?

Enzymes

What type of protein carries substances in the blood?

Transport proteins

Define denaturation

When a protein loses its shape because of heat, pH changes, or exposure to chemicals.

What is the N terminal?

A free amino group (NH2)

What is the C terminal?

A free carboxyl group (COOH)

The shape of a protein determines its _____.

Function

Match the definition with its structure:

Linear sequence of amino acids

Primary structure

Match the definition with its structure:

Folding into alpha-helices or beta-sheets

Secondary structure

Match the definition with its structure:

3D shape of a single protein chain

Tertiary structure

Match the definition with its structure:

Arrangement of multiple protein chains

Quaternary structure

What polymers are used in nucleic acid?

DNA

RNA

What monomer is used in nucleic acid?

Nucleotides