Midterm s.s 3 vocab

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th Amendment

States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race.

Black Codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

KKK

Ku Klux Klan--Against Blacks, Jews, Catholics. Used terror to control them with violence

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

W.E.B. DuBois

Wanted social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans-what he called a "Talented Tenth". Founder of the Niagara Movement which led to the creation of the NAACP.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Gilded Age

A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

Andrew Carnegie

Built a steel mill empire; US STEEL

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

J.P. Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

California Gold Rush

Mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848

Boomtown

a community experiencing a sudden growth in business or population

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Sand Creek Massacre

an attack on a village of sleeping Cheyenne Indians by a regiment of Colorado militiamen on 29 November 1864 that resulted in the death of more than 200 tribal members

Little Big Horn

General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse

Ghost Dance Movement

The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, came through as a religious movement.

Wounded Knee Massacre

mass killing by U.S. soldiers of as many as 300 unarmed Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1890

Assimilation

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

Dawes Act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners

Interstate Commerce Act

1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses

labor union

An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members

Knight of Labor

Founded by garment workers, led by Uriah Stephens. Wanted to attract workers often excluded from unions and to fight for temperance, 8-hour workday, equal pay for equal work, and to end child labor

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Haymarket Riot

1886 labor-related protest in Chicago which ended in deadly violence

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

Pullman Strike

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

Homestead Strike

1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.

Old Immigrants

immigrants from Northern Europe

New Immigrants

Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe

Ellis Island

An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy

Angel Island

immigrant processing station that opened in San Francisco Bay in 1910

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Hull House-Jane Addams

settlement house founded in chicago 1889 by jane addams to provide social and educational opportunities for immigrant workers in surrounding neighborhoods.

Tenement

multistory building divided into crowded apartments

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

Mukrakers

Journalists who specialized in uncovering corruption and scandal

Progressive Era

period of political and social reform that lasted roughly from the 1890s to the 1920s

Nativists

Americans who feared that immigrants would take jobs and impose their Roman Catholic beliefs on society

Immigration Act of 1882

prohibited immigration of criminals, paupers and the insane, in other words, those that might become dependent on the state. It levied a head tax of fifty cents on each new immigrant

Social Gospel

Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization

Laissez-faire economy

economic policy in which governments intrude as little as possible in the economic transactions between citizens and businesses

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Federick Jackson Turner

wrote the significants of the frontier in American History in which, moving from east to west, shaped the American character and institutions.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

Pure Food and Drug Act

the act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs

Initiative

A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.

Referendum

a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate

Recall

A procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term.

Direct primaries

an election in which voters choose candidates to represent each party in a general election

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

James Garfield

the 20th President of the US; he died two months after being shot and six months after his inauguration.

Chester A. Arthur

Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president.

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

Greenback party

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

Benjamin Harrison

23rd President; Republican, poor leader, introduced the McKinley Tariff and increased federal spending to a billion dollars

Populist Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic presidential candidate in 1896, advocated free silver

Panic of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

political machine

a strong party organization that can control political appointments and deliver votes

Boss Tweed

A political boss who carried corruption to new extremes, and cheated the city out of more than $100 million

Tammany Hall

Political machine in New York, headed by Boss Tweed.

Imperialism

A strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.

Anti-Imperialists

People who were opposed to American growing into a world power

Isolationism

A national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs

jingoism

extreme patriotism

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

USS Maine

Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

DeLome Letter

Letter in which a Spanish ambassador criticizes President McKinley

Teller Amendment

This Amendment was drafter by Henry M. Teller which declared that the US had no desire for control in Cuba & pledged the US would leave the island alone.

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 revolt in China, aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Roosevelt Corollary

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting America's right to intervene in Latin American affairs

Big Stick Diplomacy

Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Moral Diplomacy

Foreign policy of President Woodrow Wilson. Wilson hoped to influence and control other countries through economic pressure, refusing to support non-democratic countries. Helped with the advancement of human rights in Latin America.